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      Experimental Investigation of NaOH and KOH Mixture in SCBA-Based Geopolymer Cement Composite

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          Abstract

          This research aimed at exploring the effects of a mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activators in a sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA)-based geopolymer cement paste. Bagasse ash replacement was 20% of cement by weight. The mixture of NaOH and KOH comprised 4, 8, and 12 M solutions with mixing percentages of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% for all possible combinations. A pH test was performed on each possible combination of solutions. A Chapelle’s test, XRD, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and SEM analysis were used to check whether the SCBA exhibited pozzolanic reactivity. Subsequently, the SCBA geopolymer cement paste was tested for compressive strength, water absorption, permeable porosity, and sorptivity. It was estimated that the geopolymer cement paste exhibited higher absorption and sorptivity values than control mixtures when molarity increased. However, the samples prepared with combinations of the 8 M activator solution exhibited consistent absorption, sorptivity, and compressive strength values when compared to the control and other geopolymer mixtures with 4 and 12 M activator solutions. Thus, the two activator solutions G8N 408K 60 and G8N 208K 80—where GxN ayK b represents the geopolymer concrete sample prepared by adding solutions of two bases, i.e., ‘xN ayK b’ showing an ‘a’ percentage of ‘x’ molar NaOH and a ‘b’ percentage of ‘y’ molar KOH—were obtained as the optimum molar ratio of the activator in geopolymer concrete. The geopolymer cement pastes, along with the optimum and control samples, were further tested for concrete durability, SEM, and TGA tests. The G8N 208K 80 sample exhibited a better mechanical and durability performance than the G8N 408K 60 sample. The durability performance of the geopolymer concrete was also superior to ordinary concrete. Moreover, the geopolymer concrete achieved a 21% reduction in global warming potential compared to the control mixture. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of SCBA in geopolymer concrete can address the ash disposal and CO 2 emission problems with enhanced durability.

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          Geopolymers: Inorganic polymeric new materials

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            Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent developments

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Materials (Basel)
                Materials (Basel)
                materials
                Materials
                MDPI
                1996-1944
                04 August 2020
                August 2020
                : 13
                : 15
                : 3437
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; muhammadkhizar.khan@ 123456ugent.be (M.K.K.); muhammadhaseebd044@ 123456gmail.com (M.H.); arbabf1@ 123456gmail.com (M.F.J.)
                [2 ]Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; f.aslam@ 123456psau.edu.sa (F.A.); h.alabduljabbar@ 123456psau.edu.sa (H.A.)
                [3 ]Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2766-052X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-9324
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3821-5491
                Article
                materials-13-03437
                10.3390/ma13153437
                7436184
                32759859
                82f66207-cffe-4031-ba09-d25e14a6090f
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 June 2020
                : 31 July 2020
                Categories
                Article

                activators,durability,geopolymer cement,molarity,sugar-based bagasse ash (scba)

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