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      Plasma Processing and Treatment of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Tuning Properties and Defect Engineering

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          Abstract

          Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer fascinating opportunities for fundamental nanoscale science and various technological applications. They are a promising platform for next generation optoelectronics and energy harvesting devices due to their exceptional characteristics at the nanoscale, such as tunable bandgap and strong light-matter interactions. The performance of TMD-based devices is mainly governed by the structure, composition, size, defects, and the state of their interfaces. Many properties of TMDs are influenced by the method of synthesis so numerous studies have focused on processing high-quality TMDs with controlled physicochemical properties. Plasma-based methods are cost-effective, well controllable, and scalable techniques that have recently attracted researchers’ interest in the synthesis and modification of 2D TMDs. TMDs’ reactivity toward plasma offers numerous opportunities to modify the surface of TMDs, including functionalization, defect engineering, doping, oxidation, phase engineering, etching, healing, morphological changes, and altering the surface energy. Here we comprehensively review all roles of plasma in the realm of TMDs. The fundamental science behind plasma processing and modification of TMDs and their applications in different fields are presented and discussed. Future perspectives and challenges are highlighted to demonstrate the prominence of TMDs and the importance of surface engineering in next-generation optoelectronic applications.

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          Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

          We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.
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            Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2.

            Novel physical phenomena can emerge in low-dimensional nanomaterials. Bulk MoS(2), a prototypical metal dichalcogenide, is an indirect bandgap semiconductor with negligible photoluminescence. When the MoS(2) crystal is thinned to monolayer, however, a strong photoluminescence emerges, indicating an indirect to direct bandgap transition in this d-electron system. This observation shows that quantum confinement in layered d-electron materials like MoS(2) provides new opportunities for engineering the electronic structure of matter at the nanoscale.
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              Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides.

              The remarkable properties of graphene have renewed interest in inorganic, two-dimensional materials with unique electronic and optical attributes. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are layered materials with strong in-plane bonding and weak out-of-plane interactions enabling exfoliation into two-dimensional layers of single unit cell thickness. Although TMDCs have been studied for decades, recent advances in nanoscale materials characterization and device fabrication have opened up new opportunities for two-dimensional layers of thin TMDCs in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. TMDCs such as MoS(2), MoSe(2), WS(2) and WSe(2) have sizable bandgaps that change from indirect to direct in single layers, allowing applications such as transistors, photodetectors and electroluminescent devices. We review the historical development of TMDCs, methods for preparing atomically thin layers, their electronic and optical properties, and prospects for future advances in electronics and optoelectronics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Chem Rev
                Chem Rev
                cr
                chreay
                Chemical Reviews
                American Chemical Society
                0009-2665
                1520-6890
                04 December 2023
                27 December 2023
                04 December 2024
                : 123
                : 24
                : 13869-13951
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw , Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
                [3 ]Chair in Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität Leoben , Leoben 8700, Austria
                [4 ]School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) , Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
                [5 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology , 14588, Tehran, Iran
                [6 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology , 14588-89694 Tehran, Iran
                [7 ]Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science & Technology, Sharif University of Technology , 14588-89694 Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Email: pkruse@ 123456mcmaster.ca . Tel: +1-905-5259140 ext. 23480.
                [* ]Email: simchi@ 123456sharif.edu . Tel: +98 (21) 6616 5226. Fax: +98 (21) 6600 5717.
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-4271
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-6791
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2770-8848
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9111-2977
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4051-4375
                Article
                10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00147
                10756211
                38048483
                82fea152-d710-4477-a0d7-57728375e18b
                © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

                Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 13 March 2023
                : 09 November 2023
                : 31 August 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, doi 10.13039/501100000038;
                Award ID: RGPIN-2018-06145
                Funded by: Iran National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/501100003968;
                Award ID: 95-S-48740
                Funded by: Sharif University of Technology, doi 10.13039/501100002398;
                Award ID: QA970816
                Funded by: Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, doi 10.13039/501100001870;
                Award ID: 2017/27/B/ST4/00697
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                cr3c00147
                cr3c00147

                Chemistry
                Chemistry

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