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      Magnitud de los determinantes sociales en el riesgo de mortalidad por tuberculosis en el Centro-Oeste de Brasil Translated title: Magnitude of social determinants in the risk of death from tuberculosis in Central-west Brazil

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la magnitud de los determinantes sociales en áreas de riesgo para la mortalidad por tuberculosis en una ciudad de alta incidencia de esta enfermedad. Método Estudio ecológico que recogió los casos de muerte por tuberculosis registrados entre 2006 y 2016 en la capital del Estado de Mato Grosso (Brasil). Los determinantes sociales se obtuvieron de las Unidades de Desarrollo Humano. Se utilizó la estadística de barrido para identificar las áreas de riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales para identificar dimensiones de determinantes sociales, y se aplicó regresión logística múltiple para verificar asociaciones entre las dimensiones de los determinantes sociales y el riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis. El error estándar se estableció en un 5% para todas las pruebas estadísticas. Resultados Se registraron 225 muertes por tuberculosis en el periodo, distribuidas heterogéneamente en el espacio. Se identificó un conglomerado de riesgo para la mortalidad por tuberculosis, con un riesgo relativo de 2,09 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,48-2,94; p = 0,04). Los determinantes sociales «bajo nivel escolar» y «pobreza» se mostraron asociados al riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis (odds ratio [OR]: 2,92; IC95%: 1,17-7,28). La renta presentó asociación negativa con el riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis (OR: 0,05; IC95%: 0,00-0,70). El valor de la curva ROC del modelo fue del 92,1%. Conclusiones Los resultados confirman que el riesgo de muerte por tuberculosis es un problema asociado a los determinantes sociales. Las políticas de salud y los programas de protección social pueden contribuir a enfrentarse a este problema.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective To evaluate the magnitude of social determinants in areas of risk of mortality due to tuberculosis in a high incidence city. Method Ecological study, which recruited the cases of tuberculosis deaths registered between 2006 and 2016 in the capital of Mato Grosso-Brazil. The social determinants were obtained from the Human Development Units. Sweep statistics were used to identify areas of risk of mortality due to tuberculosis. Principal component analysis was carried out to identify dimensions of social determinants. Multiple logistic regression was applied to verify associations between the dimensions of social determinants and the risk of mortality from tuberculosis. A 5% error was fixed. The standard error was established at 5% for all statistical tests. Results A total of 225 deaths due to tuberculosis were registered in the period, distributed heterogeneously in the space. A cluster of risk for tuberculosis mortality was identified, with RR = 2.09 (95%CI: 1.48-2.94; p = 0.04). Social determinants, low educational level and poverty were associated with the risk of mortality due to tuberculosis (OR: 2.92; 95%CI: 1.17-7.28). Income had a negative association with the risk of mortality due to tuberculosis (OR: 0.05; 95%CI: 0.00-0.70). The value of the ROC curve of the model was 92.1%. Conclusions The results confirmed that the risk of mortality due to tuberculosis is a problem associated with social determinants. Health policies and social protection programmes can collaborate to address this problem.

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          Sexual Inequality in Tuberculosis

          Olivier Neyrolles and Lluis Quintana-Murci review the evidence on why tuberulosis notification is twice as high in men as in women in most countries.
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            Gender differentials in tuberculosis: the role of socio-economic and cultural factors.

            P Hudelson (1996)
            This paper reviews current knowledge about the role that socio-economic and cultural factors play in determining gender differentials in tuberculosis (TB) and tuberculosis control. The studies reviewed suggest that socio-economic and cultural factors may be important in two ways: first, they may play a role in determining overall gender differences in rates of infection and progression to disease, and second, they may lead to gender differentials in barriers to detection and successful treatment of TB. Both have implications for successful TB control programmes. The literature reviewed in this paper suggests the following: Gender differentials in social and economic roles and activities may lead to differential exposure to tuberculosis bacilli; The general health/nutritional status of TB-infected persons affects their rate of progression to disease. In areas where women's health is worse than men's (especially in terms of nutrition and human immunodeficiency virus status), women's risk of disease may be increased; A number of studies suggest that responses to illness differ in women and men, and that barriers to early detection and treatment of TB vary (and are probably greater) for women than for men. Gender differences also exist in rates of compliance with treatment; The fear and stigma associated with TB seems to have a greater impact on women than on men, often placing them in an economically or socially precarious position. Because the health and welfare of children is closely linked to that of their mothers, TB in women can have serious repercussions for families and households. The review points to the many gaps that exist in our knowledge and understanding of gender differentials in TB and TB control, and argues for increased efforts to identify and address gender differentials in the control of TB.
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              Has the DOTS Strategy Improved Case Finding or Treatment Success? An Empirical Assessment

              Background Nearly fifteen years after the start of WHO's DOTS strategy, tuberculosis remains a major global health problem. Given the lack of empirical evidence that DOTS reduces tuberculosis burden, considerable debate has arisen about its place in the future of global tuberculosis control efforts. An independent evaluation of DOTS, one of the most widely-implemented and longest-running interventions in global health, is a prerequisite for meaningful improvements to tuberculosis control efforts, including WHO's new Stop TB Strategy. We investigate the impact of the expansion of the DOTS strategy on tuberculosis case finding and treatment success, using only empirical data. Methods and Findings We study the effect of DOTS using time-series cross-sectional methods. We first estimate the impact of DOTS expansion on case detection, using reported case notification data and controlling for other determinants of change in notifications, including HIV prevalence, GDP, and country-specific effects. We then estimate the effect of DOTS expansion on treatment success. DOTS programme variables had no statistically significant impact on case detection in a wide range of models and specifications. DOTS population coverage had a significant effect on overall treatment success rates, such that countries with full DOTS coverage benefit from at least an 18% increase in treatment success (95% CI: 5–31%). Conclusions The DOTS technical package improved overall treatment success. By contrast, DOTS expansion had no effect on case detection. This finding is less optimistic than previous analyses. Better epidemiological and programme data would facilitate future monitoring and evaluation efforts.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                April 2020
                : 34
                : 2
                : 171-178
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameUniversidade Nova de Lisboa orgdiv1Escola Nacional de Salud Pública Portugal
                [2] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto orgdiv2Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud Brazil
                [1] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Escuela de Enfermería de Ribeirão Preto orgdiv2Departamento Materno-Infantil y Salud Pública Brazil
                Article
                S0213-91112020000200171 S0213-9111(20)03400200171
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.01.004
                30878245
                8308d487-8203-493d-b5b8-3b9b2e022f74

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 January 2019
                : 03 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mortalidad,Determinantes sociales en salud,Tuberculosis,Social determinants of health,Brasil,Mortality,Brazil

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