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      A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools

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          Abstract

          Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS, tACS) are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques increasingly used for modulation of central nervous system excitability in humans. Here we address methodological issues required for tES application. This review covers technical aspects of tES, as well as applications like exploration of brain physiology, modelling approaches, tES in cognitive neurosciences, and interventional approaches. It aims to help the reader to appropriately design and conduct studies involving these brain stimulation techniques, understand limitations and avoid shortcomings, which might hamper the scientific rigor and potential applications in the clinical domain.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          100883319
          21365
          Clin Neurophysiol
          Clin Neurophysiol
          Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
          1388-2457
          1872-8952
          27 November 2015
          22 November 2015
          February 2016
          01 February 2017
          : 127
          : 2
          : 1031-1048
          Affiliations
          [1 ]Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Institute on Aging, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
          [2 ]University Medical Center, Dept. Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
          [3 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, USA
          [4 ]Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Science, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
          [5 ]Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
          [6 ]Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
          [7 ]Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
          [8 ]Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Center for Clinical Research Learning, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, USA
          [9 ]Experimental Psychology Lab, Center of excellence Hearing4all, Department for Psychology, Faculty for Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Ammerländer Heerstr, Oldenburg, Germany
          [10 ]Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
          [11 ]MJHS Institute for Innovation in Palliative Care, New York, NY, USA
          [12 ]Neuroscience Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia & Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
          [13 ]Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering (IBEB), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
          [14 ]Direttore Clinica Neurologica III, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, Italy
          [15 ]Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB) Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
          [16 ]Neural Control of Movement Lab, Dept. Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
          [17 ]Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
          [18 ]Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
          Author notes
          Corresponding Author: Adam J. Woods, PhD, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Institute on Aging, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Neuroscience, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Office 3118, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA, Tel.: +1-352-294-5842, Fax: +1-352-294-5836, ajwoods@ 123456ufl.edu
          Article
          PMC4747791 PMC4747791 4747791 nihpa740431
          10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012
          4747791
          26652115
          8318f5f0-5e97-452a-b1ff-4dc7b374bcb3
          History
          Categories
          Article

          transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS),Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES),transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS),transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS),technical guide,methodology review,safety,design

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