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      Effect of Bisphosphonates on Bone Health in Adult Renal Transplant Patients: Beyond the First Year Posttransplant—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Bone mineral density (BMD) decreases postrenal transplantation. Evidence demonstrating the effects of bisphosphonates on BMD and fracture risk beyond 1-year posttransplant is sparse in existing literature, but remains essential to enhance clinical outcomes in this population.

          Objective:

          Our study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the current literature on the use of any bisphosphonate in the adult renal transplant population beyond the first year of renal transplant to determine its effect on BMD and fracture incidence.

          Design:

          We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of primary research literature that included full-text, English-language, original randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies.

          Setting:

          Patient data were primarily captured in an outpatient setting across various studies.

          Patients:

          Our population of interest was patients older than 18 years who received deceased/living donor kidney transplantation and any bisphosphonate with a follow-up greater than 12 months posttransplantation.

          Measurements:

          The primary outcome was change in BMD from baseline. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of fractures and effects of other confounders on bone health.

          Methods:

          We included RCTs and observational studies that satisfied our inclusion criteria. Each study was analyzed for risk of bias and data were extrapolated to analyze for overall statistical significance accounting for heterogeneity of studies.

          Results:

          Sixteen studies (N = 1762) were analyzed. The follow-up ranged from 12 to 98 months. There was a nonsignificant improvement in BMD with bisphosphonate treatment persisting into the second and third years posttransplant at the lumbar spine. The calculated standardized mean BMD difference was −0.29 (−0.75 to 0.17), P = .22. Only 5 studies reported a total of 43 new fractures. Prednisone ( P < .01), low body weight ( P < .001), low body mass index ( P < .01), and male gender ( P < .05) correlated with reduced lumbar and femoral BMD.

          Limitations:

          Limitations of this review include the use of BMD as a surrogate outcome, the bias of the included studies, and the incomplete reporting data in numerous analyzed studies.

          Conclusions:

          We demonstrate no statistically significant benefit of bisphosphonate treatment on BMD beyond the first year postrenal transplantation. Despite heterogeneity of treatment, a differential nonsignificant improvement in lumbar spine BMD was consistent and may be clinically relevant.

          Trial Registration:

          PROSPERO CRD42019125593

          Abrégé

          Contexte:

          La densité minérale osseuse (DMO) décroit à la suite d’une greffe rénale. Les données probantes faisant état des effets des bisphosphonates sur la DMO et le risque de fracture au-delà d’un an post-greffe sont rares dans la littérature, mais demeurent essentielles pour améliorer les résultats cliniques pour cette population.

          Objectif:

          L’étude actuelle visait à réaliser une revue systématique et une méta-analyse de la littérature faisant état de l’usage des bisphosphonates dans une population de greffés rénaux adultes, au-delà de la première année post-greffe, afin de connaître les effets de cette médication sur la DMO et sur l’incidence de fractures.

          Type d’étude:

          Une revue systématique et une méta-analyse de la littérature ont été réalisées à partir d’articles rédigés en anglais, présentant les résultats d’essais cliniques et d’études observationnelles.

          Cadre:

          Dans les différentes études, les données provenaient principalement de patients suivis sur une base externe.

          Sujets:

          Notre population d’intérêt était constituée de patients adultes ayant subi une greffe rénale provenant d’un donneur décédé ou vivant, ayant reçu un traitement par un bisphosphonate et ayant été suivis pendant plus de douze mois post-transplantation.

          Mesures:

          L’issue principale était une variation de la DMO par rapport à la valeur initiale. L’incidence de fractures et les effets des autres facteurs de confusion sur la santé osseuse constituaient les issues secondaires.

          Méthodologie:

          Ont été inclus les essais cliniques et les études observationnelles qui répondaient à nos critères d’inclusion. Chaque étude a fait l’objet d’une analyse des risques de biais et les données ont été extrapolées pour analyser la signification statistique de l’ensemble en tenant compte de l’hétérogénéité des études.

          Résultats:

          Seize études (n=1762) ont été analysées. La période de suivi variait de 12 à 98 mois. Une amélioration non significative de la DMO du rachis lombaire ayant persisté dans la deuxième et la troisième année post-greffe a été observée à la suite d’un traitement par un bisphosphonate. La moyenne normalisée calculée des variations de la DMO s’établissait à -0,29 (-0,75 à 0,17; p=0,22). Seules cinq études ont rapporté de nouvelles fractures, pour un total de 43 fractures. La prise de prednisone (p<0,01), un faible poids (p<0, 001), un faible IMC (p<0,01) et le fait d’être un homme (p<0,05) ont corrélé avec une DMO lombaire ou fémorale réduite.

          Limites:

          Le recours à la DMO comme issue intermédiaire, les biais contenus dans les études incluses et le fait que plusieurs des études analysées comportaient des données incomplètes constituent les limites de l’étude.

          Conclusion:

          Nous n’avons pu démontrer un avantage statistiquement significatif sur la DMO à poursuivre un traitement par les bisphosphonates au-delà de la première année suivant une greffe rénale. Malgré l’hétérogénéité du traitement, une amélioration non significative de la DMO lombaire a été observée et pourrait s’avérer pertinente sur le plan clinique.

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          Most cited references42

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          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Rapid loss of vertebral mineral density after renal transplantation.

          Osteopenia is a major complication of renal transplantation. Immunosuppressive regimens including cyclosporine, which permit the use of lower doses of glucocorticoids, may reduce glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia. We prospectively studied the magnitude, distribution, and mechanism of bone loss in 20 adults who received renal allografts from living related donors, who had good renal function, and who were treated with azathioprine, cyclosporine, and low doses of prednisone. We measured serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism, determined the bone mineral density of the second, third, and fourth lumbar vertebrae and the shaft of the radius, and analyzed the histomorphometric features of iliac bone at the time of transplantation and six months later. Measurements of vertebral mineral density were repeated 18 months after transplantation in 17 of the patients. After transplantation, the mean serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase decreased and the serum calcitriol concentration increased. The mean (+/- SD) bone mineral density of the vertebrae had decreased 6.8 +/- 5.6 percent 6 months after transplantation (P less than 0.05) and 8.8 +/- 7.0 percent 18 months after transplantation. In contrast, the bone mineral density of the radius had increased six months after transplantation (P less than 0.05). The histomorphometric studies showed that the rate of bone formation decreased from 50.5 +/- 44.8 to 23.1 +/- 13.8 microns3 per square micrometer per year (P less than 0.05), and the formation period lengthened from 70 +/- 42 to 146 +/- 144 days (P less than 0.05). Consequently, the amount of bone replaced during a remodeling cycle diminished. Osteopenia associated with renal transplantation remains a problem in the cyclosporine era. The loss of vertebral bone in our subjects was due to an imbalance in bone remodeling consistent with a toxic effect of glucocorticoids.
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            The spectrum of bone disease in end-stage renal failure--an evolving disorder.

            We have assessed the bone histology in 259 chronic dialysis patients, all of whom were in the same dialysis program. All patients had bone biopsies with quantitative histomorphometry, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurements, basal and deferoxamine stimulated serum aluminum levels. Results demonstrate the increased incidence of the recently described aplastic bone lesion, particularly in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Aluminum-related bone disease is much less common than previously described, perhaps in relation to the declining use of aluminum as a phosphate binder. A different pattern of bone lesions is seen in PD as compared with hemodialysis (HD), with low turnover disorders comprising 66% of the lesions seen in PD and high turnover lesions accounting for 62% of the bone histologic findings in HD. The difference in these patterns may relate to alterations in PTH levels, as mean PTH levels in HD patients were 2-1/2 times the levels found in PD patients (P < 0.0005), while older age, higher prevalence of diabetes and a shorter duration of dialysis may also have contributed to the findings in the PD patients. We suggest that PD, perhaps by maintaining calcium at higher levels, may more effectively suppress the parathyroid gland.
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              Prevention of bone loss in renal transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized trial of intravenous pamidronate.

              Renal transplant recipients are at risk of developing bone abnormalities that result in bone loss and bone fractures. These are related to underlying renal osteodystrophy, hypophosphatemia, and immunosuppressive treatment regimen. Although bisphosphonates are useful in ameliorating bone mineral loss after transplantation, it is not known whether their use in renal transplant patients leads to excessive suppression of bone turnover and increased incidence of adynamic bone disease. A randomized, prospective, controlled, clinical trial was conducted using the bisphosphonate pamidronate intravenously in patients with new renal transplants. Treatment subjects (PAM) received pamidronate with vitamin D and calcium at baseline and at months 1, 2, 3, and 6. Control (CON) subjects received vitamin D and calcium only. During months 6 to 12, the subjects were observed without pamidronate treatment. Biochemical parameters of bone turnover were obtained monthly and, bone mineral density (BMD) was obtained at baseline and months 6 and 12. Bone biopsies for mineralized bone histology were obtained at baseline and at 6 mo in a subgroup of subjects who underwent scheduled living donor transplantation. PAM preserved bone mass at 6 and 12 mo as measured by bone densitometry and histomorphometry. CON had decreased vertebral BMD at 6 and 12 mo (4.8 +/- 0.08 and 6.1 +/- 0.09%, respectively). Biochemical parameters of bone turnover were similar in both groups at 6 and 12 mo. Bone histology revealed low turnover bone disease in 50% of the patients at baseline. At 6 mo, all of PAM had adynamic bone disease, whereas 50% of CON continued to have or developed decreased bone turnover. Pamidronate preserved vertebral BMD during treatment and 6 mo after cessation of treatment. Pamidronate treatment was associated with development of adynamic bone histology. Whether an improved BMD with adynamic bone histology is useful in maintaining long-term bone health in renal transplant recipients requires further study.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                25 June 2019
                2019
                : 6
                : 2054358119858014
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]D. Thiwanka Wijeratne, Assistant Professor, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Etherington Hall, Room 1018, 94 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6. Email: dtdw@ 123456queensu.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-8840
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-3467
                Article
                10.1177_2054358119858014
                10.1177/2054358119858014
                6595663
                834eefad-e554-4085-89e8-3c22d2775b5c
                © The Author(s) 2019

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 21 September 2018
                : 22 April 2019
                Categories
                Original Research Article
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2019

                renal transplantation,osteodystrophy,bisphosphonate
                renal transplantation, osteodystrophy, bisphosphonate

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