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      Celecoxib pharmacogenetics and pediatric adenotonsillectomy: a double-blinded randomized controlled study Translated title: Pharmacogénétique du célécoxib et adéno-amygdalectomie pédiatrique: une étude randomisée contrôlée en aveugle

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          Abstract

          Background

          Pediatric adenotonsillectomy (A&T) is associated with prolonged pain and functional limitation. Celecoxib is an effective analgesic in adult surgery patients; however, its analgesic efficacy on pain and functional recovery in pediatric A&T patients is unknown.

          Methods

          During 2009-2012, children (age 2-18 yr) scheduled for elective A&T were enrolled in a single-centre double-blind randomized controlled trial. Study participants received either oral placebo or celecoxib 6 mg·kg −1 preoperatively, followed by 3 mg·kg −1 twice daily for five doses. The primary outcome was the mean “worst 24-hr pain” scores during postoperative days (PODs) 0-2 on a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes for PODs 0-7 included co-analgesic consumption, adverse events, and functional recovery. The impact of the CYP2C9*3 allele – associated with reduced celecoxib hepatic metabolism – on recovery was considered.

          Results

          Of the 282 children enrolled, 195 (celecoxib = 101, placebo = 94) were included in the primary outcome analysis. While on treatment, children receiving celecoxib experienced a modest reduction in the average pain experienced over PODs 0-2 (7 mm on a VAS; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3 to 14; P = 0.04) and a “clinically significant” reduction (≥ 10 mm on a VAS; P ≤ 0.01) on PODs 0 and 1. During PODs 0-2, the mean acetaminophen consumption was lower in the celecoxib group vs the placebo group (78 mg·kg −1; 95% CI: 68 to 89 vs 97 mg·kg −1; 95% CI: 85 to 109, respectively; P = 0.03). No differences in adverse events, functional recovery, or satisfaction were observed by POD 7. The CYP2C9*3 allele was associated with less pain and improved functional recovery.

          Conclusions

          A three-day course of oral celecoxib reduces early pain and co-analgesic consumption; however, an increase in dose, dose frequency, and duration of dose may be required for sustained pain relief in the pediatric setting. The CYP2C9*3 allele may influence recovery. This trial was registered at: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00849966.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12630-015-0376-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          L’adéno-amygdalectomie (AA) est associée à des douleurs et des limites fonctionnelles prolongées. Le célécoxib est un agent analgésique efficace chez les patients chirurgicaux adultes; toutefois, son efficacité analgésique pour le contrôle de la douleur et la récupération fonctionnelle chez les patients pédiatriques subissant une AA est inconnue.

          Méthode

          Entre 2009 et 2012, des enfants (âgés de 2 à 18 ans) devant subir une AA non urgente ont été recrutés pour participer à une étude randomisée contrôlée à double insu réalisée dans un seul centre. Les participants à l’étude ont reçu soit un placebo oral, soit 6 mg·kg −1 de célécoxib avant l’opération, suivi par cinq doses de 3 mg·kg −1 deux fois par jour. Le critère d’évaluation principal était les scores moyens de « pire douleur durant 24 h » pendant les jours postopératoires (JPO) 0-2 sur une échelle visuelle analogique (EVA) de 100 mm. Les critères secondaires pour les JPO 0-7 comprenaient la consommation d’autres analgésiques, les effets secondaires néfastes et la récupération fonctionnelle. L’impact de l’allèle CYP2C9*3 – associé à un métabolisme hépatique réduit du célécoxib – lors du rétablissement a été pris en compte.

          Résultats

          Parmi les 282 enfants recrutés, 195 (célécoxib = 101, placebo = 94) ont été inclus dans l’analyse du critère d’évaluation principal. Pendant le traitement, les enfants recevant du célécoxib ont fait état d’une réduction modeste de la douleur moyenne ressentie au cours des JPO 0-2 (7 mm sur une EVA; intervalle de confiance [IC] 95 %: 0,3 à 14; P = 0,04) et d’une réduction « significative d’un point de vue clinique » (≥ 10 mm sur une EVA; P ≤ 0,01) au JPO 0 et 1. Au cours des JPO 0-2, la consommation moyenne d’acétaminophène était moindre dans le groupe célécoxib que dans le groupe placebo (78 mg·kg −1; IC 95 %: 68 à 89 vs 97 mg·kg −1; IC 95 %: 85 à 109, respectivement; P = 0,03). Aucune différence n’a été observée en matière d’effets secondaires néfastes, de récupération fonctionnelle ou de satisfaction jusqu’au jour 7. L’allèle CYP2C9*3 a été associé à une réduction de la douleur ainsi qu’à une récupération fonctionnelle améliorée.

          Conclusion

          Un traitement de trois jours avec du célécoxib par voie orale réduit la douleur précoce et la consommation d’autres agents analgésiques; toutefois, une augmentation de la dose, de la fréquence de dosage et de la durée de dosage pourrait être nécessaire pour un soulagement continu de la douleur dans un contexte pédiatrique. L’allèle CYP2C9*3 pourrait avoir un impact sur la récupération. Cette étude a été enregistrée au: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00849966.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12630-015-0376-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references47

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          The PedsQL 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity.

          The application of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) as a pediatric population health measure may facilitate risk assessment and resource allocation, the tracking of community health, the identification of health disparities, and the determination of health outcomes from interventions and policy decisions. To determine the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the 23-item PedsQL 4.0 (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) Generic Core Scales as a measure of pediatric population health for children and adolescents. Mail survey in February and March 2001 to 20 031 families with children ages 2-16 years throughout the State of California encompassing all new enrollees in the State's Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) for those months and targeted language groups. The PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales (Physical, Emotional, Social, School Functioning) were completed by 10 241 families through a statewide mail survey to evaluate the HRQOL of new enrollees in SCHIP. The PedsQL 4.0 evidenced minimal missing responses, achieved excellent reliability for the Total Scale Score (alpha =.89 child;.92 parent report), and distinguished between healthy children and children with chronic health conditions. The PedsQL 4.0 was also related to indicators of health care access, days missed from school, days sick in bed or too ill to play, and days needing care. The results demonstrate the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the PedsQL 4.0 as a pediatric population health outcome. Measuring pediatric HRQOL may be a way to evaluate the health outcomes of SCHIP.
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            Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale.

            Emergence delirium has been investigated in several clinical trials. However, no reliable and valid rating scale exists to measure this phenomenon in children. Therefore, the authors developed and evaluated the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale to measure emergence delirium in children. A list of scale items that were statements describing the emergence behavior of children was compiled, and the items were evaluated for content validity and statistical significance. Items that satisfied these evaluations comprised the PAED scale. Each item was scored from 1 to 4 (with reverse scoring where applicable), and the scores were summed to obtain a total scale score. The degree of emergence delirium varied directly with the total score. Fifty children were enrolled to determine the reliability and validity of the PAED scale. Scale validity was evaluated using five hypotheses: The PAED scale scores correlated negatively with age and time to awakening and positively with clinical judgment scores and Post Hospital Behavior Questionnaire scores, and were greater after sevoflurane than after halothane. The sensitivity of the scale was also determined. Five of 27 items that satisfied the content validity and statistical analysis became the PAED scale: (1) The child makes eye contact with the caregiver, (2) the child's actions are purposeful, (3) the child is aware of his/her surroundings, (4) the child is restless, and (5) the child is inconsolable. The internal consistency of the PAED scale was 0.89, and the reliability was 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.76-0.90). Three hypotheses supported the validity of the scale: The scores correlated negatively with age (r = -0.31, P <0.04) and time to awakening (r = -0.5, P <0.001) and were greater after sevoflurane anesthesia than halothane (P <0.008). The sensitivity was 0.64. These results support the reliability and validity of the PAED scale.
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              Ambulatory surgery in the United States, 2006.

              This report presents national estimates of surgical and nonsurgical procedures performed on an ambulatory basis in hospitals and freestanding ambulatory surgery centers in the United States during 2006. Data are presented by types of facilities, age and sex of the patients, and geographic regions. Major categories of procedures and diagnoses are shown by age and sex. Selected estimates are compared between 1996 and 2006. The estimates are based on data collected through the 2006 National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The survey was conducted from 1994-1996 and again in 2006. Diagnoses and procedures presented are coded using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). In 2006, an estimated 57.1 million surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed during 34.7 million ambulatory surgery visits. Of the 34.7 million visits, 19.9 million occurred in hospitals and 14.9 million occurred in freestanding ambulatory surgery centers. The rate of visits to freestanding ambulatory surgery centers increased about 300 percent from 1996 to 2006, whereas the rate of visits to hospital-based surgery centers remained largely unchanged during that time period. Females had significantly more ambulatory surgery visits (20.0 million) than males (14.7 million), and a significantly higher rate of visits (132.0 per 1000 population) compared with males (100.4 per 1000 population). Average times for surgical visits were higher for ambulatory surgery visits to hospital-based ambulatory surgery centers than for visits to freestanding ambulatory surgery centers for the amount of time spent in the operating room (61.7 minutes compared with 43.2 minutes), the amount of time spent in surgery (34.2 minutes compared with 25.1 minutes), the amount of time spent in the postoperative recovery room (79.0 minutes compared with 53.1 minutes), and overall time (146.6 minutes compared with 97.7 minutes). Although the majority of visits had only one or two procedures performed (56.3 percent and 28.5 percent, respectively), 2.6 percent had five or more procedures performed. Frequently performed procedures on ambulatory surgery patients included endoscopy of large intestine (5.8 million), endoscopy of small intestine (3.5 million), extraction of lens (3.1 million), injection of agent into spinal canal (2.7 million), and insertion of prosthetic lens (2.6 million). The leading diagnoses at ambulatory surgery visits included cataract (3.0 million); benign neoplasms (2.0 million), malignant neoplasms (1.2 million), diseases of the esophagus (1.1 million), and diverticula of the intestine (1.1 million).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                613-737-2431 , Kmurto@cheo.on.ca
                Journal
                Can J Anaesth
                Can J Anaesth
                Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
                Springer US (New York )
                0832-610X
                1496-8975
                7 April 2015
                7 April 2015
                2015
                : 62
                : 7
                : 785-797
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
                [ ]Department of Anesthesiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
                [ ]Department of Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
                [ ]Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute (RI), Ottawa, ON Canada
                [ ]Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), Ottawa, ON Canada
                Article
                376
                10.1007/s12630-015-0376-1
                4457100
                25846344
                836b6bef-c8ac-414d-8b56-dcb916422bde
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 1 October 2014
                : 26 March 2015
                Categories
                Reports of Original Investigations
                Custom metadata
                © Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society 2015

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Anesthesiology & Pain management

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