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      Pesticide residues in strawberry fruits cultivated under integrated pest management and conventional systems in Cundinamarca (Colombia) Translated title: Residuos de plaguicidas en frutos de fresa cultivados en sistemas de manejo integrado de plagas y convencionales en Cundinamarca (Colombia)

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Because of the high susceptibility in strawberry fruits to attacks from pests and diseases, a large amount of pesticides is applied during the crop cycle and harvest period. The improper use of these substances can generate residues in agricultural products that pose a risk to human health. The objective of this study was to determine and compare pesticide residues in strawberry fruits from two different production systems distributed in the main producing areas of the Cundinamarca Department (Colombia). Eight samples of strawberry crops were collected in four producer municipalities (Guasca, Facatativa, Mosquera and Sibate) to compare different systems (conventional production vs. production based on Integrated Pest Management, IPM). Samples with a concentration of 394 molecules were examined using liquid and gas spectrometry. Fischer's exact test was used to determine the association between the pesticide type and residue level in the fruits, with more insecticide samples that exceeded the permitted threshold than when using fungicides. Twenty-two different molecules were detected in the analyzed samples, with 37 detection events, of which eight were reported in the IPM production systems and 29 in the conventional producers. The results revealed that nine molecules of insecticides and two of fungicides exceeded the concentrations set by Colombian regulations, but no significant differences were found between the two production systems. The calibration of equipment and applications must be improved in order to avoid over-concentration of pesticides, especially insecticides.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Debido a la alta susceptibilidad del cultivo de fresa al ataque de plagas y enfermedades, una gran cantidad de plaguicidas son aplicados durante el ciclo de cultivo. El inadecuado uso de estas sustancias puede generar residuos en los productos agrícolas, los cuales, a través de la ingesta suponen un riesgo para la salud humana. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar y comparar la residualidad de plaguicidas en frutos de fresa provenientes de dos sistemas productivos diferentes, distribuidos en las principales zonas productoras del departamento de Cundinamarca (Colombia). Se recolectaron ocho muestras de cultivos de fresa correspondientes a cuatro municipios productores (Guasca, Facatativá, Mosquera y Sibaté), para comparar los dos sistemas diferentes (producción convencional vs. producción basada en el Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Enfermedades, MIPE). En las muestras se examinaron las concentraciones de 394 moléculas mediante espectrometría líquida y gaseosa. Se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher para determinar la asociación entre el tipo de pesticida y el nivel de residuos en frutos, encontrando que más muestras de insecticidas excedieron el umbral de residualidad permitido que las de fungicidas. Se detectaron 22 moléculas diferentes para las muestras analizadas, con 37 eventos de detección, de los cuales ocho se reportaron en cultivos del sistema MIPE y 29 correspondieron a productores convencionales. Los resultados revelaron un total de nueve moléculas de insecticidas y dos de fungicidas en concentraciones excesivas para la normatividad colombiana, pero no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los dos sistemas de producción. Existe la necesidad de mejorar la calibración de los equipos y de las aplicaciones para evitar las sobreconcentraciones de las pesticidas, especialmente de las insecticidas.

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          Most cited references35

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          Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators

          Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production to prevent or control pests, diseases, weeds, and other plant pathogens in an effort to reduce or eliminate yield losses and maintain high product quality. Although pesticides are developed through very strict regulation processes to function with reasonable certainty and minimal impact on human health and the environment, serious concerns have been raised about health risks resulting from occupational exposure and from residues in food and drinking water. Occupational exposure to pesticides often occurs in the case of agricultural workers in open fields and greenhouses, workers in the pesticide industry, and exterminators of house pests. Exposure of the general population to pesticides occurs primarily through eating food and drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues, whereas substantial exposure can also occur in or around the home. Regarding the adverse effects on the environment (water, soil and air contamination from leaching, runoff, and spray drift, as well as the detrimental effects on wildlife, fish, plants, and other non-target organisms), many of these effects depend on the toxicity of the pesticide, the measures taken during its application, the dosage applied, the adsorption on soil colloids, the weather conditions prevailing after application, and how long the pesticide persists in the environment. Therefore, the risk assessment of the impact of pesticides either on human health or on the environment is not an easy and particularly accurate process because of differences in the periods and levels of exposure, the types of pesticides used (regarding toxicity and persistence), and the environmental characteristics of the areas where pesticides are usually applied. Also, the number of the criteria used and the method of their implementation to assess the adverse effects of pesticides on human health could affect risk assessment and would possibly affect the characterization of the already approved pesticides and the approval of the new compounds in the near future. Thus, new tools or techniques with greater reliability than those already existing are needed to predict the potential hazards of pesticides and thus contribute to reduction of the adverse effects on human health and the environment. On the other hand, the implementation of alternative cropping systems that are less dependent on pesticides, the development of new pesticides with novel modes of action and improved safety profiles, and the improvement of the already used pesticide formulations towards safer formulations (e.g., microcapsule suspensions) could reduce the adverse effects of farming and particularly the toxic effects of pesticides. In addition, the use of appropriate and well-maintained spraying equipment along with taking all precautions that are required in all stages of pesticide handling could minimize human exposure to pesticides and their potential adverse effects on the environment.
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            Integrated pest management (IPM): definition, historical development and implementation, and the other IPM.

            E Ehler (2006)
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              Total diet study on pesticide residues in France: levels in food as consumed and chronic dietary risk to consumers.

              Chronic dietary exposure to pesticide residues was assessed for the French population using a total diet study (TDS) to take into account realistic levels in foods as consumed at home (table-ready). Three hundred and twenty-five pesticides and their transformation products, grouped into 283 pesticides according to their residue definition, were sought in 1235 composite samples corresponding to 194 individual food items that cover 90% of the adult and child diet. To make up the composite samples, about 19,000 food products were bought during different seasons from 2007 to 2009 in 36 French cities and prepared according to the food preparation practices recorded in the individual and national consumption survey (INCA2). The results showed that 37% of the samples contained one or more residues. Seventy-three pesticides were detected and 55 quantified at levels ranging from 0.003 to 8.7mg/kg. The most frequently detected pesticides, identified as monitoring priorities in 2006, were the post-harvest insecticides pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl-particularly in wheat-based products-together with chlorpyrifos, iprodione, carbendazim and imazalil, mainly in fruit and fruit juices. Dietary intakes were estimated for each subject of INCA2 survey, under two contamination scenarios to handle left-censored data: lower-bound scenario (LB) where undetected results were set to zero, and upper-bound (UB) scenario where undetected results were set to the detection limit. For 90% of the pesticides, exposure levels were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) under the two scenarios. Under the LB scenario, which tends to underestimate exposure levels, only dimethoate intakes exceeded the ADI for high level consumers of cherry (0.6% of children and 0.4% of adults). This pesticide, authorised in Europe, and its metabolite were detected in both cherries and endives. Under the UB scenario, that overestimates exposure, a chronic risk could not be excluded for nine other pesticides (dithiocarbamates, ethoprophos, carbofuran, diazinon, methamidophos, disulfoton, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor). For these pesticides, more sensitive analyses of the main food contributors are needed in order to refine exposure assessment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcch
                Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas
                rev.colomb.cienc.hortic.
                Sociedad Colombiana de Ciencias Hotícolas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                2011-2173
                April 2019
                : 13
                : 1
                : 35-45
                Affiliations
                [2] Bogota orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Faculty of Agricultural Sciences orgdiv2Agronomy Department Colombia
                [3] Bogota Arauca orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Emeritus Researcher of Colciencias Colombia
                [4] Bogota orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Faculty of Engineering orgdiv2Department of Civil and Agricultural Engineering Colombia
                [5] Bogota orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Faculty of Agricultural Sciences orgdiv2Agronomy Department Colombia
                [1] Bogota orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Faculty of Agricultural Sciences orgdiv2Agronomy Department Colombia
                Article
                S2011-21732019000100035 S2011-2173(19)01300100035
                10.17584/rcch.2019vl3il.8409
                8384c32b-0b45-4114-92be-bdb8353acdac

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 March 2019
                : 12 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 51, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Section of fruits

                Fragariaxananassa,umbral,periodo de carencia,legislación sobre plaguicidas,threshold,IPM,pesticide restriction,MIP,pesticide legislation

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