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      Recognition of Ionic Liquids as High-Voltage Electrolytes for Supercapacitors

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          Abstract

          The electrochemical stability of electrolytes is essential to the working potential of supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (ILs) are being considered as safe alternatives to current organic electrolytes and attracting extensive interests owing to their inflammability, widened potential windows, and superior ionic conductivity. Novel supercapacitors with IL electrolytes exhibit attractive energy density and can be utilized in various energy storage systems. Most previous studies focused on electrochemical performances, while rare attentions were devoted to energy storage process details or mechanisms. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest progress on formulated IL electrolytes for different types of supercapacitors, with an emphasis on the intrinsic understanding of the related energy storage mechanisms. Subsequently, comparisons of various IL-based liquid-state electrolytes as well as the state-of-the-art advancements in optimizing ILs electrolytes are introduced. The authors attempt to reveal the inherent correlation between the usage of IL electrolytes and the properties of supercapacitors via referenced works. Some emerging applications of ionogel electrolytes based on conventional polymers and poly(IL)s for flexible supercapacitors are also presented, including the existing problems. In addition, challenges and future perspectives of research in this field are highlighted.

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          Pseudocapacitive oxide materials for high-rate electrochemical energy storage

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            Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future.

            Ionic liquids are room-temperature molten salts, composed mostly of organic ions that may undergo almost unlimited structural variations. This review covers the newest aspects of ionic liquids in applications where their ion conductivity is exploited; as electrochemical solvents for metal/semiconductor electrodeposition, and as batteries and fuel cells where conventional media, organic solvents (in batteries) or water (in polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells), fail. Biology and biomimetic processes in ionic liquids are also discussed. In these decidedly different materials, some enzymes show activity that is not exhibited in more traditional systems, creating huge potential for bioinspired catalysis and biofuel cells. Our goal in this review is to survey the recent key developments and issues within ionic-liquid research in these areas. As well as informing materials scientists, we hope to generate interest in the wider community and encourage others to make use of ionic liquids in tackling scientific challenges.
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              Anomalous increase in carbon capacitance at pore sizes less than 1 nanometer.

              Carbon supercapacitors, which are energy storage devices that use ion adsorption on the surface of highly porous materials to store charge, have numerous advantages over other power-source technologies, but could realize further gains if their electrodes were properly optimized. Studying the effect of the pore size on capacitance could potentially improve performance by maximizing the electrode surface area accessible to electrolyte ions, but until recently, no studies had addressed the lower size limit of accessible pores. Using carbide-derived carbon, we generated pores with average sizes from 0.6 to 2.25 nanometer and studied double-layer capacitance in an organic electrolyte. The results challenge the long-held axiom that pores smaller than the size of solvated electrolyte ions are incapable of contributing to charge storage.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Chem
                Front Chem
                Front. Chem.
                Frontiers in Chemistry
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-2646
                05 May 2020
                2020
                : 8
                : 261
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
                [2] 2School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing, China
                [3] 3Hebei Institute of Process Innovation Co. Ltd , Langfang, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Syed Mubeen Jawahar Hussaini, The University of Iowa, United States

                Reviewed by: Abhishek Lahiri, Brunel University London, United Kingdom; Steven G. Greenbaum, Hunter College (CUNY), United States

                *Correspondence: Haitao Zhang htzhang@ 123456ipe.ac.cn

                This article was submitted to Electrochemistry, a section of the journal Frontiers in Chemistry

                Article
                10.3389/fchem.2020.00261
                7214745
                32432074
                83afbfd2-fd9f-42bb-ad49-4b7c89702c62
                Copyright © 2020 Pan, Yao, Zhang, Li, Xing, Song, Su and Zhang.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 18 January 2020
                : 18 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 12, Tables: 0, Equations: 7, References: 107, Pages: 18, Words: 12192
                Funding
                Funded by: National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research 10.13039/501100013290
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Categories
                Chemistry
                Review

                ionic liquids,high-voltage electrolytes,liquid electrolytes,ionogel electrolytes,supercapacitors,mechanisms

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