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      Branchial Na +:K +:2Cl cotransporter 1 and Na +/K +-ATPase α-subunit in a brackish water-type ionocyte of the euryhaline freshwater white-rimmed stingray, Himantura signifer

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          Abstract

          Himantura signifer is a freshwater stingray which inhabits rivers in Southeast Asia. It can survive in brackish water but not seawater. In brackish water, it becomes partially ureosmotic, but how it maintains its plasma hypoionic to the external medium is enigmatic because of the lack of a rectal gland. Here, we report for the first time the expression of Na +:K +:2Cl cotransporter 1 ( nkcc1) in the gills of freshwater H. signifer, and its moderate up-regulation (~2-fold) in response to brackish water (salinity 20) acclimation. The absence of the Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase and oxidation stress response kinase 1 interaction site from the N-terminus of H. signifer Nkcc1 suggested that it might not be effectively activated by stress kinases in response to salinity changes as in more euryhaline teleosts. The increased activity of Nkcc1 during salt excretion in brackish water would lead to an influx of Na + into ionocytes, and the maintenance of intracellular Na + homeostasis would need the cooperation of Na +/K +-ATPase (Nka). We demonstrated for the first time the expression of nkaα 1, nkaα 2 and nkaα 3 in the gills of H. signifer, and the up-regulation of the mRNA expression of nkaα 3 and the overall protein abundance of Nkaα in response to acclimation to brackish water. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of a sub-type of ionocyte, co-expressing Nkcc1 and Nkaα, near the base of the secondary lamellae in the gills of H. signifer acclimated to brackish water, but this type of ionocyte was absent from the gills of fish kept in fresh water. Hence, there could be a change in the function of the gills of H. signifer from salt absorption to salt excretion during brackish water acclimation in the absence of a functioning rectal gland.

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          TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers.

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            The PSIPRED protein structure prediction server.

            The PSIPRED protein structure prediction server allows users to submit a protein sequence, perform a prediction of their choice and receive the results of the prediction both textually via e-mail and graphically via the web. The user may select one of three prediction methods to apply to their sequence: PSIPRED, a highly accurate secondary structure prediction method; MEMSAT 2, a new version of a widely used transmembrane topology prediction method; or GenTHREADER, a sequence profile based fold recognition method. Freely available to non-commercial users at http://globin.bio.warwick.ac.uk/psipred/
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              The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste.

              The fish gill is a multipurpose organ that, in addition to providing for aquatic gas exchange, plays dominant roles in osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous wastes. Thus, despite the fact that all fish groups have functional kidneys, the gill epithelium is the site of many processes that are mediated by renal epithelia in terrestrial vertebrates. Indeed, many of the pathways that mediate these processes in mammalian renal epithelial are expressed in the gill, and many of the extrinsic and intrinsic modulators of these processes are also found in fish endocrine tissues and the gill itself. The basic patterns of gill physiology were outlined over a half century ago, but modern immunological and molecular techniques are bringing new insights into this complicated system. Nevertheless, substantial questions about the evolution of these mechanisms and control remain.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Front Physiol
                Front Physiol
                Front. Physiol.
                Frontiers in Physiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-042X
                10 December 2013
                2013
                : 4
                : 362
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
                [2] 2Ecofisiologia CIMAR Porto, Portugal
                [3] 3Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
                Author notes

                Edited by: Shigehisa Hirose, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

                Reviewed by: Jim Ballantyne, University of Guelph, Canada; Junya Hiroi, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Japan

                *Correspondence: Yuen K. Ip, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Singapore e-mail: dbsipyk@ 123456nus.edu.sg

                This article was submitted to Aquatic Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology.

                Article
                10.3389/fphys.2013.00362
                3857534
                83ba621e-18bb-4322-9749-f8caf52b1425
                Copyright © 2013 Ip, Hiong, Wong, Ching, Chen, Soh, Chng, Ong, Wilson and Chew.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 21 October 2013
                : 23 November 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 12, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 113, Pages: 18, Words: 13667
                Categories
                Physiology
                Original Research Article

                Anatomy & Physiology
                elasmobranchs,ureosmotic,rectal gland,gills,osmoregulation,salinity adaptation,urea
                Anatomy & Physiology
                elasmobranchs, ureosmotic, rectal gland, gills, osmoregulation, salinity adaptation, urea

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