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      Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical profile and management Translated title: Guillain-Barré-Syndrom: Klinisches Bild und Behandlung

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          Abstract

          Introduction: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a fulminant polyradiculoneuropathy that is acute, frequently severe and autoimmune in nature. Etiology of GBS is incompletely understood, prognosis is usually good with early detection and prompt treatment. This retrospective study was done to evaluate clinical profile, epidemiological, laboratory, and electrodiagnostic features of patients with GBS and mode of management, complications and prognostic factors.

          Methods: Data of 1,166 patients admitted with GBS or presented to outpatient department (previous medical records) with GBS between January 2003 and January 2014 were analyzed.

          Results: No difference in genders noted. Around 35% of patients are above 50 years of age. Poor control of diabetes with mean HbA 1c of 8.1 ± 2.11 is found on analysis. Seasonal occurrence in GBS is prominent in winter 484 (41.50%) and mechanically ventilated were 449 (38.50%) patients. 48 (4.11%) deaths were attributed to GBS. Neurological analysis revealed cranial nerve involvement in 407 (34.90%) patients, facial palsy in 401 (34.39%) and ataxia in 88 (7.54%) patients. Most patients in plasma exchange group belonged to the lower socio-economic status. Mean cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels was (n=962) 113.8 ± 11.8 mg/dl. Conduction block determined indirectly by absent H-reflex was noted in 891 (90.64%) patients. No difference in complications and outcome is found in treatment regimens of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasma exchange.

          Conclusion: Seasonal occurrence predominantly in winter is noted. Peak flow test may be a predictor of assessing requirement of mechanical ventilation and prognosis. Conduction block is the major abnormality noted in electrophysiological studies and proximal nerve segment assessing with Erb’s point stimulation has high predictive value. IVIG treatment is more expensive but is associated with less duration of hospital stay.

          Zusammenfassung

          Einführung: Das Guillain-Barré-Syndrom (GBS) ist eine fulminant verlaufende Polyradiculoneuropathie, die akut, meist schwer verlaufend, auf der Basis eines Autoimmunprozesses auftritt. Die Ätiologie der Erkrankung wird nicht ganz verstanden, die Prognose ist bei früher Diagnose und Therapie gewöhnlich gut. Eine retrospektive Studie wurde durchgeführt, um das klinische Profil, die Epidemiologie, die Laborwerte, die Elektrodiagnose, die Behandlungsarten und die Prognose von Patienten mit GBS auszuwerten.

          Methode: Die klinischen Daten von 1.166 Patienten, die zwischen Januar 2003 und Januar 2014 mit GBS überwiesen oder in den Ambulanzen vorgestellt wurden, wurden ausgewertet.

          Ergebnisse: Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede wurden nicht beobachtet. Etwa 35% der Patienten waren älter als 50 Jahre. Die Analyse zeigte schlecht eingestellten Diabetes mellitus (HBA 1c = 8,1 ± 2,11%). Die saisonale Abhängigkeit der GBS ist deutlich, im Winter wurden 484 (41,5%) gefunden und 449 (38,5%) Patienten mit GBS wurden künstlich beatmet. 48 (4,11%) der Patienten verstarben an GBS. Die neurologischen Untersuchungen ergaben bei 407 (34,9%) der Patienten Beteiligung der cranialen Nerven, faciale Lähmungen bei 401 (34,39%) und Ataxien bei 88 (7,54%) der Patienten. Die meisten Patienten, die mit Plasmapherese behandelt wurden, hatten einen niedrigeren sozioökonomischen Status. Die mittlere Proteinkonzentration im Liquor war 113,8 ± 11,8 mg/dl. Störungen der Nervenleitung, indirekt bestimmt über den H-Reflex, wurden bei 891 (90,64%) der Patienten beobachtet. Keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich Komplikationen und Endergebnis wurden festgestellt zwischen den Behandlungen mit intravenöser Gabe von Immunglobulinen und Plasmaaustausch.

          Schlussfolgerung: GBS tritt vorwiegend in den Wintermonaten auf, der „Peak-Flow-Test“ kann ein Indikator für eine erforderliche künstliche Beatmung und für die Prognose sein. Eine Verminderung oder Blockierung der Nervenleitung ist die schwerwiegendste Veränderung, die bei elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen beobachtet wird. Die Prüfung des proximalen Nervensegments mit der Stimulierung am Erb-Punkt hat einen hohen prädiktiven Wert. Intravenöse Immunglobulin-Behandlung ist teurer, aber verkürzt den Krankenhausaufenthalt.

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          Guillain-Barré syndrome.

          Guillain-Barré syndrome consists of at least four subtypes of acute peripheral neuropathy. Major advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms of some of the subtypes. The histological appearance of the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) subtype resembles experimental autoimmune neuritis, which is predominantly caused by T cells directed against peptides from the myelin proteins P0, P2, and PMP22. The role of T-cell-mediated immunity in AIDP remains unclear and there is evidence for the involvement of antibodies and complement. Strong evidence now exists that axonal subtypes of Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), and acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), are caused by antibodies to gangliosides on the axolemma that target macrophages to invade the axon at the node of Ranvier. About a quarter of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome have had a recent Campylobacter jejuni infection, and axonal forms of the disease are especially common in these people. The lipo-oligosaccharide from the C jejuni bacterial wall contains ganglioside-like structures and its injection into rabbits induces a neuropathy that resembles acute motor axonal neuropathy. Antibodies to GM1, GM1b, GD1a, and GalNac-GD1a are in particular implicated in acute motor axonal neuropathy and, with the exception of GalNacGD1a, in acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy. The Fisher's syndrome subtype is especially associated with antibodies to GQ1b, and similar cross-reactivity with ganglioside structures in the wall of C jejuni has been discovered. Anti-GQ1b antibodies have been shown to damage the motor nerve terminal in vitro by a complement-mediated mechanism. Results of international randomised trials have shown equivalent efficacy of both plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin, but not corticosteroids, in hastening recovery from Guillain-Barré syndrome. Further research is needed to discover treatments to prevent 20% of patients from being left with persistent and significant disability.
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            The Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Worldwide

            Background: This systematic literature review of the epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) identifies trends in incidence rates by age, study method and cause of disease. It is important to have a reliable estimate of incidence to determine and investigate any changes: no previous systematic reviews of GBS have been found. Methods: After critical assessment of the reliability of the reported data, incidence rates were extracted from all relevant papers published between 1980 and 2008, identified through searches of Medline, Embase and Science Direct. Results: Sixty-three papers were included in this review; these studies were prospective, retrospective reviews of medical records or retrospective database studies. Ten studies reported on the incidence in children (0–15 years old), and found the annual incidence to be between 0.34 and 1.34/100,000. Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. Conclusions: Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.
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              Guillain-Barré syndrome: an update.

              Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute polyneuropathy consisting of different subtypes. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, the classic demyelinating form of GBS, accounts for 90% of all GBS cases in the Western world. Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) are axonal forms of GBS that are more prevalent in Asia, South and Central America, often preceded by infection by Campylobacter jejuni. AMAN and AMSAN may be mediated by specific anti-ganglioside antibodies that inhibit transient sodium ion (Na+) channels. The efficacy of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin has been established in large international randomised trials, with corticosteroids proven ineffective. Although axonal demyelination is an established pathophysiological process in GBS, the rapid improvement of clinical deficits with treatment is consistent with Na+ channel blockade by antibodies or other circulating factors, such as cytokines. This review provides an update on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of GBS.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ger Med Sci
                Ger Med Sci
                GMS Ger Med Sci
                GMS German Medical Science
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1612-3174
                21 September 2015
                2015
                : 13
                : Doc16
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Columbia Asia Hospital, Bangalore, India
                [2 ]K.S. Hegde Medical College, Mangalore, India
                [3 ]Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
                [4 ]Dr.B.R. Ambedkar Medical College, Otolaryngology Department, Bangalore, India
                [5 ]Dr.B.R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore, India
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Sreenivasa Rao Sudulagunta, Columbia Asia Hospital, Kirloskar Business Park, Hebbal, Bangalore-560024, India, Phone: +91-8147572745, E-mail: dr.sreenivas@ 123456live.in
                Article
                000220 Doc16 urn:nbn:de:0183-0002203
                10.3205/000220
                4576316
                26421004
                83c84c34-61ef-49d6-acfd-fc25f13b2edb
                Copyright © 2015 Sudulagunta et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

                History
                : 28 June 2015
                : 16 September 2015
                Categories
                Article

                Medicine
                guillain-barré syndrome,autoimmune,acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy,conduction motor action potential,ivig,immunoglobulin,electromyography studies,plasma exchange

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