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      Obesity in Libya: a review

      research-article
      Author(s): * ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: The Libyan Journal of Medicine
      Publisher: Co-Action Publishing
      Keywords: obesity, overweight, diet, lactation, exercise

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          Abstract

          Obesity is a global epidemic resulting in major morbidity and premature death. About 64% of Libyan adults are either overweight or obese, obesity progressively increasing with age, and two times more common among Libyan women than men. Cases of obesity and overweight are increasing in Libya as well as all over the world, with genetic and environmental factors playing a contributory role. With its known significant morbidity and mortality, obesity should draw the attention of the healthcare community, researchers, and policy makers in Libya.

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          Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"?

          J V Neel (1962)
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            Obesity in Saudi Arabia.

            Jafri M. Abdullah, Z Khalil, A Abu Khadra … (2005)
            Obesity and overweight are well known risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), and are expected to be increasing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) particularly among females. Therefore, we designed this study with the objective to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Saudis of both gender, between the ages of 30-70 years in rural as well as in urban communities. This work is part of a major national project called Coronary Artery Disease in Saudis Study (CADISS) that is designed to look at CAD and its risk factors in Saudi population. This study is a community-based national epidemiological health survey, conducted by examining Saudi subjects in the age group of 30-70 years of selected households over a 5-year period between 1995 and 2000 in KSA. Data were obtained from body mass index (BMI) and were analyzed to classify individuals with overweight (BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m2), obesity (BMI >/=30 kg/m2) and severe (gross) obesity (BMI >/=40 kg/m2) to provide the prevalence of overweight and obesity in KSA. Data were obtained by examining 17,232 Saudi subjects from selected households who participated in the study. The prevalence of overweight was 36.9%. Overweight is significantly more prevalent in males (42.4%) compared to 31.8% of females (p<0.0001). The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 35.5% in KSA with an overall prevalence of 35.6% [95% CI: 34.9-36.3], while severe (gross) obesity was 3.2%. Females are significantly more obese with a prevalence of 44% than males 26.4% (p<0.0001). Obesity and overweight are increasing in KSA with an overall obesity prevalence of 35.5%. Reduction in overweight and obesity are of considerable importance to public health. Therefore, we recommend a national obesity prevention program at community level to be implemented sooner to promote leaner and consequently healthier community.
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              Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants.

              Matthew Gillman (2001)
              Overweight during adolescence predicts short- and long-term morbidity as well as obesity in adulthood. The prevalence of overweight among adolescents is high and continues to increase. Physiological and behavioral mechanisms and preliminary epidemiologic data suggest that breastfeeding could lower the risk of subsequent obesity in adolescence. To examine the extent to which overweight status among adolescents is associated with the type of infant feeding (breast milk vs infant formula) and duration of breastfeeding. Survey of 8186 girls and 7155 boys, aged 9 to 14 years, who are participants in the Growing Up Today Study, a nationwide cohort study of diet, activity, and growth. In the fall of 1996 we mailed a questionnaire to each of the subjects, and in the spring of 1997, we mailed a supplemental questionnaire to their mothers, who are participants in the Nurses' Health Study II. Overweight status defined as body mass index exceeding the 95th percentile for age and sex from US national data. In the first 6 months of life, 9553 subjects (62%) were only or mostly fed breast milk, and 4744 (31%) were only or mostly fed infant formula. A total of 7186 subjects (48%) were breastfed for at least 7 months while 4613 (31%) were breastfed for 3 months or less. At ages 9 to 14 years, 404 girls (5%) and 635 boys (9%) were overweight. Among subjects who had been only or mostly fed breast milk, compared with those only or mostly fed formula, the odds ratio (OR) for being overweight was 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.91), after adjustment for age, sex, sexual maturity, energy intake, time watching television, physical activity, mother's body mass index, and other variables reflecting social, economic, and lifestyle factors. Compared with subjects who had been breastfed for 3 months or less, those who had been breastfed for at least 7 months had an adjusted OR for being overweight of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.67-0.96). Timing of introduction of solid foods, infant formula, or cow's milk was not related to risk of being overweight. Infants who were fed breast milk more than infant formula, or who were breastfed for longer periods, had a lower risk of being overweight during older childhood and adolescence.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Libyan J Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Libyan J Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): LJM
                Title: The Libyan Journal of Medicine
                Publisher: Co-Action Publishing
                ISSN (Print): 1993-2820
                ISSN (Electronic): 1819-6357
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 August 2012
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.3402/ljm.v7i0.19086
                Affiliations
                Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
                Author notes
                [* ] Rafik R. Elmehdawi, Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya. Email: rafikal2002@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: LJM-7-19086
                DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v7i0.19086
                PMC ID: 3419838
                PubMed ID: 22899968
                SO-VID: 83d33dec-019b-4692-bf05-d8074722865d
                Copyright © © 2012 Rafik R. Elmehdawi and Abdulwahab M. Albarsha
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 30 June 2012
                Date accepted : 23 July 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Special Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: exercise,obesity,overweight,lactation,diet
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: exercise, obesity, overweight, lactation, diet

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