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      Obstructive sleep apnea, COPD, the overlap syndrome, and mortality: results from the 2005–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The aim of this study was to investigate the role of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on all-cause mortality in patients with COPD.

          Methods

          Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (year 2005–2008). Eligible subjects were ≥20 years who had no COPD or OSA (n=9,237), had only OSA (n=366), had only COPD (n=695), and had OSA/COPD overlap syndrome (n=90). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate factors associated with overall mortality.

          Results

          Multivariate analysis found that the COPD and OSA/COPD overlap syndrome groups had significantly higher chance of all-cause mortality than the group of subjects who did not have OSA or COPD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] =1.5 for the COPD group and 2.4 for the overlap syndrome group) ( P≤0.007). Although not significant, having OSA/COPD overlap syndrome was associated with higher likelihood of death than COPD alone (HR =1.5; P=0.160). Other factors associated with higher overall mortality were aging, poorer family status, current smoker, serum vitamin D deficiency, cardiovascular disease, history of cancer, diabetes, and impaired renal function.

          Conclusion

          The present study found that COPD and OSA/COPD overlap syndrome were associated with higher all-cause mortality compared with patients without either disease and that OSA did not significantly increase mortality in patients with COPD.

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          Most cited references 25

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          Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities.

           J Soriano,  Don Sin,  N R Anthonisen … (2006)
          Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an increasing burden throughout the world. COPD-related mortality is probably underestimated because of the difficulties associated with identifying the precise cause of death. Respiratory failure is considered the major cause of death in advanced COPD. Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and lung cancer are also major causes and, in mild-to-moderate COPD, are the leading causes of mortality. The links between COPD and these conditions are not fully understood. However, a link through the inflammation pathway has been suggested, as persistent low-grade pulmonary and systemic inflammation, both known risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cancer, are present in COPD independent of cigarette smoking. Lung-specific measurements, such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)), predict mortality in COPD and in the general population. However, composite tools, such as health-status measurements (e.g. St George's Respiratory Questionnaire) and the BODE index, which incorporates Body mass index, lung function (airflow Obstruction), Dyspnoea and Exercise capacity, predict mortality better than FEV(1) alone. These multidimensional tools may be more valuable because, unlike predictive approaches based on single parameters, they can reflect the range of comorbidities and the complexity of underlying mechanisms associated with COPD. The current paper reviews the role of comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality, the putative underlying pathogenic link between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbid conditions (i.e. inflammation), and the tools used to predict chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality.
          Article 0 comments Cited 189 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndrome.

             Santiago Carrizo,  Ray M. Marín,  Bartolome R Celli … (2010)
            Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (overlap syndrome) are more likely to develop pulmonary hypertension than patients with either condition alone. To assess the relation of overlap syndrome to mortality and first-time hospitalization because of COPD exacerbation and the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on these major outcomes. We included 228 patients with overlap syndrome treated with CPAP, 213 patients with overlap syndrome not treated with CPAP, and 210 patients with COPD without OSA. All were free of heart failure, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Median follow-up was 9.4 years (range, 3.3-12.7). End points were all-cause mortality and first-time COPD exacerbation leading to hospitalization. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, comorbidities, severity of COPD, apnea-hypopnea index, and daytime sleepiness, patients with overlap syndrome not treated with CPAP had a higher mortality (relative risk, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-2.77) and were more likely to suffer a severe COPD exacerbation leading to hospitalization (relative risk, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.38) versus the COPD-only group. Patients with overlap syndrome treated with CPAP had no increased risk for either outcome compared with patients with COPD-only. The overlap syndrome is associated with an increased risk of death and hospitalization because of COPD exacerbation. CPAP treatment was associated with improved survival and decreased hospitalizations in patients with overlap syndrome.
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              Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: what we know and what we don't know (but should).

               Àlvar Agustí (2007)
              Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with pulmonary and systemic inflammation. The latter is likely to contribute significantly to the pathobiology of numerous extrapulmonary effects of the disease--the so-called systemic effects of COPD. The clinical relevance of these systemic effects has been recently recognized; however, many important questions about its pathophysiology remain unanswered. This article reviews what is known about it and, more importantly, highlights what is not (but should be) known in order to stimulate research in this area, in the hope that a better understanding of this field may lead to better treatment options for patients with COPD.
              Article 0 comments Cited 46 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): International Journal of COPD
                Title: International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Print): 1176-9106
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2005
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 February 2018
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 665-674
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Respiratory Diseases Group, the 6th Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
                [2 ]Department of Gerontology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
                [3 ]Luopu Street Community Health Service Centre, Guangzhou 511431, China
                [4 ]Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Qingnan Deng, Respiratory Diseases Group, the 6th Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Liuhua Road, Guangzhou 510010, China, Tel +86 20 8865 4563, Fax +86 20 8865 4564, Email 3790562@ 123456qq.com
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Article
                Publisher ID: copd-13-665
                DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S148735
                PMC ID: 5833752
                Copyright statement: © 2018 Du et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                Data availability:

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Respiratory medicine

                Keywords: mortality, osa, overlap syndrome, copd

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