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      Pathogenese der Komorbidität von ADHS und Substanzabhängigkeit – Klinische Implikationen für die medikamentöse Behandlung

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Die Pathogenese der Komorbidität der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) und Substanzabhängigkeit hat große klinische Relevanz, da nach klinisch-epidemiologischer Erfahrung bei ADHS-Patienten einerseits häufig eine komorbide Substanzabhängigkeit vorliegt, andererseits sich daraus erhebliche Konsequenzen für das therapeutische und diagnostische Procedere ergeben. Zusammenhänge von ADHS und Substanzstörungen: Neben der „Dopaminmangelhypothese“ bei ADHS sind unter anderem das Konzept des „Sensation-Seekings“ ( Zuckerman, 1979) und die „Selbstmedikations-Hypothese“ ( Khantzian, 1985) auch im Zusammenhang mit anderen komorbiden Störungen von Belang. Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis: Die Diagnostik von ADHS-Patienten sollte Substanzstörungen und andere psychische Komorbiditäten berücksichtigen. Klinische Implikationen für die Pharmakotherapie lassen sich insbesondere aus der „Dopaminmangelhypothese“ und den beobachteten depressiven Symptomen bei ADHS-Patienten ableiten: neben der möglichen Behandlung mit Methylphenidat wird daher vorgeschlagen, den therapeutischen Wert von selektiven Dopamin- oder Noradrenalin-Wiederaufnahme-Hemmern und darüber hinaus insbesondere auch psychotherapeutische Behandlungsverfahren zu nutzen.

          Pathogenesis of the Comorbidity of ADHD and Substance Use Disorders – A Clinical Perspective and Implications for Pharmacotherapy

          Abstract. Aim: An understanding of the pathogenesis of the comorbidity of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders is clinically relevant. According to clinical-epidemiological expertise, ADHD patients often show a comorbid substance dependence, resulting in significant consequences for therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Relationship of ADHD and substance use disorders: In addition to the “dopamine-deficiency hypothesis” for ADHD, the concept of “sensation-seeking” ( Zuckerman, 1979) and the “self-medication hypothesis” ( Khantzian, 1985) are relevant for understanding the comorbidity of ADHD and substance use disorders. Clinical implications: Diagnostic routines of ADHD patients should consider substance use disorders and other psychiatric comorbidities. The “dopamine-deficiency hypothesis” and the observed depressive symptoms in ADHD patients support clinical pharmacological implications: Besides the possible treatment with methylphenidate the therapeutic value of substances such as SSRI and SNRI should be considered – as well as a psychotherapy.

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          Most cited references41

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          The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence.

          Recent clinical observations and psychiatric diagnostic findings of drug-dependent individuals suggest that they are predisposed to addiction because they suffer with painful affect states and related psychiatric disorders. The drugs that addicts select are not chosen randomly. Their drug of choice is the result of an interaction between the psychopharmacologic action of the drug and the dominant painful feelings with which they struggle. Narcotic addicts prefer opiates because of their powerful muting action on the disorganizing and threatening affects of rage and aggression. Cocaine has its appeal because of its ability to relieve distress associated with depression, hypomania, and hyperactivity.
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            Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs.

            The question of whether nicotine, the neuroactive compound of tobacco, is addictive has been open to considerable scientific and public discussion. Although it can serve as a positive reinforcer in several animal species, including man, nicotine is thought to be a weak reinforcer in comparison with addictive drugs such as cocaine and heroin, and has been argued to be habit forming but not addictive. Here we report that intravenous nicotine in the rat, at doses known to maintain self-administration, stimulates local energy metabolism, as measured by 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography, and dopamine transmission, as estimated by brain microdialysis, in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. These neurochemical and metabolic effects are qualitatively similar to those of other drugs, such as cocaine, amphetamine and morphine, which have strong addictive properties. Our results provide functional and neurochemical evidence that there are specific neurobiological commonalities between nicotine and addictive drugs.
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              Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: a controlled, longitudinal, community-based study.

              There is a need for controlled longitudinal studies in the field of attention disorders in the general population. In a community-based follow-up study, 55 of 61 subjects aged 22 years, who had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid developmental coordination disorder (DCD) at initial workup at age 7 years, were compared, on a multitude of outcome variables, with 46 of 51 age-matched subjects without such diagnoses. None of the subjects had received stimulant treatment. Psychiatrists performing the follow-up study were blind to original diagnostic group status. In the ADHD/DCD group 58% had a poor outcome compared with 13% in the comparison group (p < .001). Remaining symptoms of ADHD, antisocial personality disorder, alcohol abuse, criminal offending, reading disorders, and low educational level were overrepresented in the ADHD/DCD groups. The combination of ADHD and DCD appeared to carry a particularly gloomy outlook. Childhood ADHD and DCD appears to be a most important predictor of poor psychosocial functioning in early adulthood. It would seem appropriate to screen for such disorders in schools and clinics so that therapies may be started early.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                suc
                SUCHT
                Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                0939-5911
                1664-2856
                2015
                : 61
                : 5 , Themenschwerpunkt: ADHS und substanzbezogene Störungen
                : 303-309
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Ludwig-Noll-Krankenhaus, Klinikum Kassel
                Author notes
                Prof. Dr. med. Martin D. Ohlmeier, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Ludwig-Noll-Krankenhaus, Klinikum Kassel, Dennhäuser Str. 156, 34134 Kassel, Deutschland
                Article
                suc_61_5_303
                10.1024/0939-5911.a000386
                83ea50ac-dc47-43c8-8fad-2eb5c092c585
                Copyright @ 2015
                History
                : 2. Februar 2015
                : 18. August, 2015
                Categories
                Themenschwerpunkt: Übersichtsarbeit

                Medicine,Psychology,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                komorbide Substanzabhängigkeit,Sensation-Seeking,sensation-seeking,dopamine-deficiency hypothesis,comorbid substance dependence,ADHD,Selbstmedikations-Hypothese,Dopaminmangelhypothese,ADHS,self-medication theory

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