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      Evaluation of factors for poor outcome in preterm newborns with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus associated with late-onset neonatal sepsis

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Preterm newborns, due to many factors, are at increased risk for poor neural development, intraventricular hemorrhages, infections, and higher rate of mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with poor outcome in preterm neonates with late-onset neonatal sepsis (LONS) who had posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and underwent neurosurgical procedures for treatment of the hydrocephalus.

          Patients and methods

          Preterm neonates who had undergone insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt or Ommaya reservoir, during the 10-year period at University Children’s Hospital, were retrospectively analyzed. According to the presence or absence of LONS, patients were divided into LONS group and non-LONS group. In both groups, we analyzed demographic and clinical data as well as nondependent factors. Additionally, we evaluated the patients who had lethal outcome in respect to all the analyzed factors.

          Results

          A total of 74 patients were included in the study, 35 in LONS group and 39 in control group. Patients in LONS group were born significantly earlier with lower birth weight, needed significantly higher O 2 inspiratory concentration, and had longer duration of mechanical ventilation when compared to the nonseptic group. Five patients in LONS group had lethal outcome, and for these patients we identified a grade American Society of Anaesthesiologists score of 4 ( P=0.000), ductus arteriosus persistens ( P=0.000), bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( P=0.003), and pneumothorax ( P=0.003) as independent preoperative risk factors for lethal outcome.

          Conclusion

          Neurosurgical procedures are relatively safe in neonates with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus without LONS after birth. However, if LONS is present, various conditions such as preoperative high grade American Society of Anaesthesiologists score, ductus arteriosus persistens, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and pneumothorax markedly increase the risk for a lethal outcome after the operation.

          Most cited references35

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          Intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants: mechanism of disease.

          Praveen Ballabh (2010)
          Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a major complication of prematurity. IVH typically initiates in the germinal matrix, which is a richly vascularized collection of neuronal-glial precursor cells in the developing brain. The etiology of IVH is multifactorial and is primarily attributed to the intrinsic fragility of the germinal matrix vasculature and the disturbance in the cerebral blood flow (CBF). Although this review broadly describes the pathogenesis of IVH, the main focus is on the recent development in molecular mechanisms that elucidates the fragility of the germinal matrix vasculature. The microvasculature of the germinal matrix is frail because of an abundance of angiogenic blood vessels that exhibit paucity of pericytes, immaturity of basal lamina, and deficiency of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the ensheathing astrocytes endfeet. High VEGF and angiopoietin-2 levels activate a rapid angiogenesis in the germinal matrix. The elevation of these growth factors may be ascribed to a relative hypoxia of the germinal matrix perhaps resulting from high metabolic activity and oxygen consumption of the neural progenitor cells. Hence, the rapid stabilization of the angiogenic vessels and the restoration of normal CBF on the first day of life are potential strategies to prevent IVH in premature infants.
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            Neonatal sepsis: progress towards improved outcomes.

            Andi L Shane, Barbara Stoll (2014)
            Neonates are predisposed to infections during the perinatal period due to multiple exposures and a relatively compromised immune system. The burden of disease attributed to neonatal infections varies by geographic region and maternal and neonatal risk factors. Worldwide, it is estimated that more than 1.4 million neonatal deaths annually are the consequence of invasive infections. Risk factors for early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) include prematurity, immunologic immaturity, maternal Group B streptococcal colonization, prolonged rupture of membranes, and maternal intra-amniotic infection. Intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis administered to GBS-colonized women has reduced the burden of disease associated with early onset GBS invasive infections. Active surveillance has identified Gram-negative pathogens as an emerging etiology of early-onset invasive infections. Late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) attributable to Gram-positive organisms, including coagulase negative Staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality among premature infants. Invasive candidiasis is an emerging cause of late-onset sepsis, especially among infants who receive broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. Prophylactic fluconazole administration to very low birthweight (VLBW) neonates during the first 6 weeks of life reduces invasive candidiasis in neonatal intensive care units with high rates of fungal infection. Prevention of healthcare associated infections through antimicrobial stewardship, limited steroid use, early enteral feeding, limited use of invasive devices and standardization of catheter care practices, and meticulous hand hygiene are important and cost-effective strategies for reducing the burden of late-onset neonatal sepsis.
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              Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight infants from singleton and multiple-gestation births.

              A Laptook, James Walsh, B Stoll … (2013)
              To describe and compare the incidence of late-onset sepsis (LOS) and demographic and clinical characteristics associated with LOS in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants from singleton and multiple births, and to examine the heritability of susceptibility to LOS among VLBW twins by comparing same-sex and unlike-sex twin pairs. The study group comprised infants with birth weight 401-1500 g seen at clinical centers of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child and Human Development Neonatal Research Network between 2002 and 2008. Only the first episode of LOS was included in our analysis. Stepwise logistic regression models were fitted separately for singleton and multiple pregnancies to examine the maternal and neonatal factors associated with LOS. LOS due solely to gram-negative bacteria in singleton and multiple pregnancies was also examined in separate models. The heritability of LOS was estimated by examining the concordance of LOS in twins from same-sex and unlike-sex pairs. LOS occurred in 25.0% (3797 of 15,178) of singleton and 22.6% (1196 of 5294) of multiple-birth VLBW infants. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common infecting organisms, accounting for 53.2% of all LOS episodes in singletons and 49.2% in multiples. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species were the most commonly isolated gram-negative organisms, and Candida albicans was the most commonly isolated fungus. Concordance of LOS did not differ significantly between same-sex and unlike-sex twin pairs. LOS remains a common problem in VLBW infants. The incidence of LOS is similar for singleton and multiple-birth infants. The similar concordance of LOS in same-sex and unlike-sex twin pairs provides no evidence that susceptibility to LOS among VLBW infants is genetically determined. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ther Clin Risk Manag
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ther Clin Risk Manag
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
                Title: Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Print): 1176-6336
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-203X
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 October 2018
                Volume: 14
                Pages: 1965-1973
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anesthesia, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, mamarija74@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Department of Gastroenterology, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
                [3 ]Department of Anesthesia, Medical Faculty University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
                [4 ]Department of Anesthesia, Medical Faculty University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
                [5 ]Clinical Center of Serbia, Institute of Neurosurgery, Belgrade, Serbia
                [6 ]Department of the Specialized Care, Institute of Neonatology, Belgrade, Serbia
                [7 ]Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Marija Stevic, Department of Anesthesia, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Bircaninova 4a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, Tel/fax +381 64 126 6441, Email mamarija74@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: tcrm-14-1965
                DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S177535
                PMC ID: 6188012
                SO-VID: 842ead0a-3779-4b3d-bc6b-4e484edc2079
                Copyright © © 2018 Stevic et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: late-onset neonatal sepsis,risk factors,preterm infants,posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus,mortality
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: late-onset neonatal sepsis, risk factors, preterm infants, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, mortality

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