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      How Connecting Psychology and Implementation Science Supports Pursuing the Sustainable Development Goals

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          Abstract

          Abstract. Developing and implementing specific programs and interventions that target the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a complex endeavor that benefits from an interdisciplinary perspective. In this article, we describe how psychology and implementation science provide knowledge on (1) developing interventions and adapting existing programs to different contexts, (2) systematically and sustainably implementing interventions at different system levels, and (3) evaluating and monitoring the effectiveness of interventions in producing desired changes. By presenting tangible research examples, we discuss how psychological theories can help define didactic principles for educational interventions, how implementation frameworks may be applied for interventions in health care, and what indicators may be useful for measuring the attainment of gender equality at different system levels. These examples illustrate that including both psychology and implementation science in the interdisciplinary discourse of how to approach the SDGs is essential for achieving sustainable positive change.

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          Is Open Access

          Six steps in quality intervention development (6SQuID)

          Improving the effectiveness of public health interventions relies as much on the attention paid to their design and feasibility as to their evaluation. Yet, compared to the vast literature on how to evaluate interventions, there is little to guide researchers or practitioners on how best to develop such interventions in practical, logical, evidence based ways to maximise likely effectiveness. Existing models for the development of public health interventions tend to have a strong social-psychological, individual behaviour change orientation and some take years to implement. This paper presents a pragmatic guide to six essential Steps for Quality Intervention Development (6SQuID). The focus is on public health interventions but the model should have wider applicability. Once a problem has been identified as needing intervention, the process of designing an intervention can be broken down into six crucial steps: (1) defining and understanding the problem and its causes; (2) identifying which causal or contextual factors are modifiable: which have the greatest scope for change and who would benefit most; (3) deciding on the mechanisms of change; (4) clarifying how these will be delivered; (5) testing and adapting the intervention; and (6) collecting sufficient evidence of effectiveness to proceed to a rigorous evaluation. If each of these steps is carefully addressed, better use will be made of scarce public resources by avoiding the costly evaluation, or implementation, of unpromising interventions.
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            What theory, for whom and in which context? Reflections on the application of theory in the development and evaluation of complex population health interventions

            Recent years have seen a growing emphasis on the value of building and testing middle range theory throughout the development and evaluation of complex population health interventions. We agree that a coherent theoretical basis for intervention development, and use of evaluation to test key causal assumptions and build theory, are crucial. However, in this editorial, we argue that such recommendations have often been operationalised in somewhat simplistic terms with potentially perverse consequences, and that an uncritical assumption that an intervention explicitly based on theory is inherently superior carries significant risks. We first argue that the drive for theory-based approaches may have exacerbated a propensity to select ‘off-the-shelf’ theories, leading to the selection of inappropriate theories which distract attention from the mechanisms through which a problem is actually sustained. Second, we discuss a tendency toward over-reliance on individual-level theorising. Finally, we discuss the relatively slow progress of population health intervention research in attending to issues of context, and the ecological fit of interventions with the systems whose functioning they attempt to change. We argue that while researchers should consider a broad range of potential theoretical perspectives on a given population health problem, citing a popular off-the-shelf theory as having informed an intervention and its evaluation does not inherently make for better science. Before identifying or developing a theory of change, researchers should develop a clear understanding of how the problem under consideration is created and sustained in context. A broader conceptualisation of theory that reaches across disciplines is vital if theory is to enhance, rather than constrain, the contribution of intervention research. Finally, intervention researchers need to move away from viewing interventions as discrete packages of components which can be described in isolation from their contexts, and better understand the systems into which change is being introduced.
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              Novel Programs, International Adoptions, or Contextual Adaptations? Meta-Analytical Results From German and Swedish Intervention Research.

              One of the major dilemmas in intervention and implementation research is adaptation versus adherence. High fidelity to an intervention protocol is essential for internal validity. At the same time, it has been argued that adaptation is necessary for improving the adoption and use of interventions by, for example, improving the match between an intervention and its cultural context, thus improving external validity. This study explores the origins of intervention programs (i.e., novel programs, programs adopted from other contexts with or without adaptation) in two meta-analytic intervention data sets from two European countries and compares the effect sizes of the outcomes of the interventions evaluated. Results are based on two samples of studies evaluating German child and youth preventative interventions (k = 158), and Swedish evaluations of a variety of psychological and social interventions (k = 139). The studies were categorized as novel programs, international adoption and contextual adaptation, with a total of six subcategories. In the German sample, after statistically controlling for some crucial methodological aspects, novel programs were significantly more effective than adopted programs. In the Swedish sample, a trend was found suggesting that adopted programs were less effective than adapted and novel programs. If these results are generalizable and unbiased, they favor novel and adapted programs over adopted programs with no adaptation and indicate that adoption of transported programs should not be done without considering adaptation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                zfp
                Zeitschrift für Psychologie
                Hogrefe Publishing
                2190-8370
                2151-2604
                June 14, 2019
                2019
                : 227
                : 2 , Topical Issue: Sustainable Human Development: Challenges and Solutions for Implementing the United Nations’ Goals
                : 129-133
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Applied Psychology: Work, Education, Economy, University of Vienna, Austria
                [ 2 ]Office of the Vice-Rectorate for Study Affairs, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
                [ 3 ]Department for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Danube University, Krems, Austria
                [ 4 ]Department of Education Sciences and Research, Salzburg University of Education, Salzburg, Austria
                Author notes
                Marie-Therese Schultes, Department of Applied Psychology: Work, Education, Economy, University of Vienna, Universitätsstrasse 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria, marie-therese.schultes@ 123456univie.ac.at
                Article
                zfp_227_2_129
                10.1027/2151-2604/a000364
                849c675d-94c8-46cc-9892-96a8684d7ac0
                Copyright @ 2019
                History
                : August 13, 2018
                : November 26, 2018
                : November 27, 2018
                Categories
                Research Spotlight

                Psychology,General behavioral science
                Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),implementation science,intervention research,evaluation,program development

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