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      Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from medical sources

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          Abstract

          High exposures to electromagnetic fields (EMF) can occur near certain medical devices in the hospital environment. A systematic assessment of medical occupational EMF exposure could help to clarify where more attention to occupational safety may be needed. This paper seeks to identify sources of high exposure for hospital workers and compare the published exposure data to occupational limits in the European Union. A systematic search for peer-reviewed publications was conducted via PubMed and Scopus databases. Relevant grey literature was collected via a web search. For each publication, the highest measured magnetic flux density or internal electric field strength per device and main frequency component was extracted. For low frequency fields, high action levels may be exceeded for magnetic stimulation, MRI gradient fields and movement in MRI static fields. For radiofrequency fields, the action levels may be exceeded near devices for diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia and in the radiofrequency field inside MRI scanners. The exposure limit values for internal electric field may be exceeded for MRI and magnetic stimulation. For MRI and magnetic stimulation, practical measures can limit worker exposure. For diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia, additional calculations are necessary to determine if SAR limits may be exceeded in some scenarios.

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          Most cited references69

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          Guidelines on limits of exposure to static magnetic fields.

          (2009)
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            Magnetic-field-induced vertigo: a theoretical and experimental investigation.

            Vertigo-like sensations or apparent perception of movement are reported by some subjects and operators in and around high field whole body magnetic resonance body scanners. Induced currents (which modulate the firing rate of the vestibular hair cell), magneto-hydrodynamics (MDH), and tissue magnetic susceptibility differences have all been proposed as possible mechanisms for this effect. In this article, we examine the theory underlying each of these mechanisms and explore resulting predictions. Experimental evidence is summarised in the following findings: 30% of subjects display a postural sway response at a field-gradient product of 1 T(2)m(-1); a determining factor for experience of vertigo is the total unipolar integrated field change over a period greater than 1 s; the perception of dizziness is not necessarily related to a high value of the rate of change of magnetic field; eight of ten subjects reported sensations ranging from mild to severe when exposed to a magnetic field change of the order of 4.7 T in 1.9 s; no subjects reported any response when exposed to 50 ms pulses of dB/dt of 2 Ts(-1) amplitude. The experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that magnetic-field related vertigo results from both magnetic susceptibility differences between vestibular organs and surrounding fluid, and induced currents acting on the vestibular hair cells. Both mechanisms are consistent with theoretical predictions.
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              Medical magnetic resonance (MR) procedures: protection of patients.

              (2004)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ind Health
                Ind Health
                INDHEALTH
                Industrial Health
                National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan
                0019-8366
                1880-8026
                03 November 2017
                February 2018
                : 56
                : 2
                : 96-105
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands
                [2 ]National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan
                Author notes
                [*]*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rianne.stam@ 123456rivm.nl
                Article
                2017-0112
                10.2486/indhealth.2017-0112
                5889928
                29109357
                84cc970e-0f09-42e7-ac82-04c8f3cd9e38
                ©2018 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License.

                History
                : 05 July 2017
                : 27 October 2017
                Categories
                Review Article

                electromagnetic fields,exposure,occupational,hospital,magnetic resonance imaging

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