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Abstract
The present work describes the first example of real-time noninvasive lactate sensing
in human perspiration during exercise events using a flexible printed temporary-transfer
tattoo electrochemical biosensor that conforms to the wearer's skin. The new skin-worn
enzymatic biosensor exhibits chemical selectivity toward lactate with linearity up
to 20 mM and demonstrates resiliency against continuous mechanical deformation expected
from epidermal wear. The device was applied successfully to human subjects for real-time
continuous monitoring of sweat lactate dynamics during prolonged cycling exercise.
The resulting temporal lactate profiles reflect changes in the production of sweat
lactate upon varying the exercise intensity. Such skin-worn metabolite biosensors
could lead to useful insights into physical performance and overall physiological
status, hence offering considerable promise for diverse sport, military, and biomedical
applications.