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      Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

      review-article
      , MD a , , MD a , , MD, FRCPC a , , PhD a , , MSc a , , MD, FRCPC b , , MBBS, FANZCA a , , MD, FRCPC c , , MD, MSc, FRCSC d , e , , MBBS, PhD, FANZCA f , , MD, PhD, FRCPC g , , MD, PhD, FRCPC a , e , *
      CJC Open
      Elsevier

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          Abstract

          Background

          Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) is a cause of hemodynamic instability that can occur in several situations, including cardiac surgery, lung transplantation, and thoracic surgery, and in critically ill patients. The timely diagnosis of RVOTO is important because it requires specific considerations, including the adverse effects of positive inotropes, and depending on the etiology, the requirement for urgent surgical intervention.

          Methods

          The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence of RVOTO in adult patients, and the distribution of all reported cases by etiology.

          Results

          Of 233 available reports, there were 229 case reports or series, and 4 retrospective cohort studies, with one study also reporting a prospective cohort. Of 291 reported cases of RVOTO, 61 (21%) were congenital, 56 (19%) were iatrogenic, and 174 (60%) were neither congenital nor iatrogenic (including intracardiac tumour). The mechanism of RVOTO was an intrinsic obstruction in 169 cases (58%), and an extrinsic obstruction in 122 cases (42%). A mechanical obstruction causing RVOTO was present in 262 cases (90%), and 29 cases of dynamic RVOTO (10%) were reported. In the 5 included cohorts, with a total of 1122 patients, the overall prevalence was estimated to be 4.0% (1%-9%).

          Conclusions

          RVOTO, though rare, remains clinically important, and therefore, multicentre studies are warranted to better understand the prevalence, causes, and consequences of RVOTO.

          Graphical Abstract

          Résumé

          Contexte

          L'obstruction de la chambre de chasse du ventricule droit (OCCVD) est une cause d'instabilité hémodynamique qui peut survenir dans plusieurs situations, y compris une chirurgie cardiaque, une transplantation pulmonaire ou une chirurgie thoracique, ou encore chez des patients en phase critique. Il est important que le diagnostic d'OCCVD soit posé rapidement, car d'une part cette affection exige la prise en compte d’éléments particuliers, y compris les effets indésirables des agents inotropes positifs et, d'autre part, en fonction de l’étiologie, une intervention chirurgicale d'urgence pourrait être nécessaire.

          Méthodologie

          L'objectif de cette revue systématique associée à une méta-analyse était de déterminer la prévalence de l'OCCVD chez les patients adultes ainsi que la distribution de tous les cas rapportés en fonction de leur étiologie.

          Résultats

          Sur les 233 rapports disponibles, on comptait 229 études ou séries de cas, et quatre études de cohortes rétrospectives, dont une qui présentait également les résultats d'une cohorte prospective. Sur 291 cas d'OCCVD rapportés, 61 (21 %) étaient d'origine congénitale, 56 (19 %) étaient d'origine iatrogène et 174 (60 %) avaient une origine qui n’était ni congénitale ni iatrogène (dont une tumeur intracardiaque). Le mécanisme de l'OCCVD était une obstruction intrinsèque dans 169 cas (58 %), et une obstruction extrinsèque dans 122 cas (42 %). Une obstruction mécanique causant l'OCCVD était présente dans 262 cas (90 %), et 29 cas d'OCCVD dynamique (10 %) ont été rapportés. Dans les 5 cohortes incluses, comptant au total 1 122 patients, la prévalence globale était estimée à 4,0 % (de 1 % à 9 %).

          Conclusions

          L'OCCVD, malgré sa rareté, n'en est pas moins importante sur le plan clinique; la réalisation d’études multicentriques serait donc justifiée pour permettre de mieux comprendre la prévalence, les causes et les conséquences de cette affection.

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          Most cited references250

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          How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial

          Meta-analysis is of fundamental importance to obtain an unbiased assessment of the available evidence. In general, the use of meta-analysis has been increasing over the last three decades with mental health as a major research topic. It is then essential to well understand its methodology and interpret its results. In this publication, we describe how to perform a meta-analysis with the freely available statistical software environment R, using a working example taken from the field of mental health. R package meta is used to conduct standard meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses for missing binary outcome data and potential selection bias are conducted with R package metasens. All essential R commands are provided and clearly described to conduct and report analyses. The working example considers a binary outcome: we show how to conduct a fixed effect and random effects meta-analysis and subgroup analysis, produce a forest and funnel plot and to test and adjust for funnel plot asymmetry. All these steps work similar for other outcome types. R represents a powerful and flexible tool to conduct meta-analyses. This publication gives a brief glimpse into the topic and provides directions to more advanced meta-analysis methods available in R.
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            Abdominal contributions to cardiorenal dysfunction in congestive heart failure.

            Current pathophysiological models of congestive heart failure unsatisfactorily explain the detrimental link between congestion and cardiorenal function. Abdominal congestion (i.e., splanchnic venous and interstitial congestion) manifests in a substantial number of patients with advanced congestive heart failure, yet is poorly defined. Compromised capacitance function of the splanchnic vasculature and deficient abdominal lymph flow resulting in interstitial edema might both be implied in the occurrence of increased cardiac filling pressures and renal dysfunction. Indeed, increased intra-abdominal pressure, as an extreme marker of abdominal congestion, is correlated with renal dysfunction in advanced congestive heart failure. Intriguing findings provide preliminary evidence that alterations in the liver and spleen contribute to systemic congestion in heart failure. Finally, gut-derived hormones might influence sodium homeostasis, whereas entrance of bowel toxins into the circulatory system, as a result of impaired intestinal barrier function secondary to congestion, might further depress cardiac as well as renal function. Those toxins are mainly produced by micro-organisms in the gut lumen, with presumably important alterations in advanced heart failure, especially when renal function is depressed. Therefore, in this state-of-the-art review, we explore the crosstalk between the abdomen, heart, and kidneys in congestive heart failure. This might offer new diagnostic opportunities as well as treatment strategies to achieve decongestion in heart failure, especially when abdominal congestion is present. Among those currently under investigation are paracentesis, ultrafiltration, peritoneal dialysis, oral sodium binders, vasodilator therapy, renal sympathetic denervation and agents targeting the gut microbiota.
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              Gastrointestinal and Liver Issues in Heart Failure.

              Heart failure affects ≈23 million people worldwide and continues to have a high mortality despite advancements in modern pharmacotherapy and device therapy. HF is a complex clinical syndrome that can result in the impairment of endocrine, hematologic, musculoskeletal, renal, respiratory, peripheral vascular, hepatic, and gastrointestinal systems. Although gastrointestinal involvement and hepatic involvement are common in HF and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, their bidirectional association with HF progression remains poorly fathomed. The current understanding of multiple mechanisms, including proinflammatory cytokine milieu, hormonal imbalance, and anabolic/catabolic imbalance, has been used to explain the relationship between the gut and HF and has been the basis for many novel therapeutic strategies. However, the failure of these novel therapies such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-α has resulted in further complexity. In this review, we describe the involvement of the gastrointestinal and liver systems within the HF syndrome, their pathophysiological mechanisms, and their clinical consequences.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                Elsevier
                2589-790X
                09 April 2021
                September 2021
                09 April 2021
                : 3
                : 9
                : 1153-1168
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [b ]Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Quebec Heart & Lung Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
                [c ]Department of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [d ]Department of Cardiac Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [e ]Critical Care Division, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [f ]Department of Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Anaesthesia, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
                [g ]Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Dr André Y. Denault, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada. Tel.: +1-514 376-3330; fax: +1-514 376-1355. andre.denault@ 123456umontreal.ca
                Article
                S2589-790X(21)00092-5
                10.1016/j.cjco.2021.03.011
                8551422
                84f0e577-2783-4714-b1be-c428963d0809
                © 2021 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 9 February 2021
                : 23 March 2021
                Categories
                Systematic Review/Meta-analysis

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