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      Can Mitochondria DNA Provide a Novel Biomarker for Evaluating the Risk and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer?

      review-article
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Disease Markers
      Publisher: Hindawi

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          Abstract

          Colorectal cancer (CRC) was one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Accurate risk and prognosis evaluation could obtain better quality of life and longer survival time for the patients. Current research hotspot was focus on the gene biomarker to evaluate the risk and prognosis. Mitochondrion contains its own DNA and regulates self-replicating so that it can be as a candidate biomarker for evaluating the risk and prognosis of colorectal cancer. But there were already huge controversies on this issue. The review was to summarize current viewpoints of the controversial issues and described our understanding from the four aspects including mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial displacement loop, mtDNA variation, and mtDNA microsatellite instability, wishing the summary of the mtDNA in colorectal cancer could provide a meaningful reference or a valuable direction in the future studies.

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          Mitochondrial diseases in man and mouse.

          D C Wallace (1999)
          Over the past 10 years, mitochondrial defects have been implicated in a wide variety of degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer. Studies on patients with these diseases have revealed much about the complexities of mitochondrial genetics, which involves an interplay between mutations in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. However, the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases has remained perplexing. The essential role of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cellular energy production, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and the initiation of apoptosis has suggested a number of novel mechanisms for mitochondrial pathology. The importance and interrelationship of these functions are now being studied in mouse models of mitochondrial disease.
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            The mitochondrial genome: structure, transcription, translation and replication.

            J Taanman (1999)
            Mitochondria play a central role in cellular energy provision. The organelles contain their own genome with a modified genetic code. The mammalian mitochondrial genome is transmitted exclusively through the female germ line. The human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a double-stranded, circular molecule of 16569 bp and contains 37 genes coding for two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and 13 polypeptides. The mtDNA-encoded polypeptides are all subunits of enzyme complexes of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Mitochondria are not self-supporting entities but rely heavily for their functions on imported nuclear gene products. The basic mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression have been solved. Cis-acting mtDNA sequences have been characterised by sequence comparisons, mapping studies and mutation analysis both in vitro and in patients harbouring mtDNA mutations. Characterisation of trans-acting factors has proven more difficult but several key enzymes involved in mtDNA replication, transcription and protein synthesis have now been biochemically identified and some have been cloned. These studies revealed that, although some factors may have an additional function elsewhere in the cell, most are unique to mitochondria. It is expected that cell cultures of patients with mitochondrial diseases will increasingly be used to address fundamental questions about mtDNA expression.
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              Mitochondrial genetics

              Patrick Francis Chinnery, Gavin Hudson (2013)
              Introduction In the last 10 years the field of mitochondrial genetics has widened, shifting the focus from rare sporadic, metabolic disease to the effects of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in a growing spectrum of human disease. The aim of this review is to guide the reader through some key concepts regarding mitochondria before introducing both classic and emerging mitochondrial disorders. Sources of data In this article, a review of the current mitochondrial genetics literature was conducted using PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/). In addition, this review makes use of a growing number of publically available databases including MITOMAP, a human mitochondrial genome database (www.mitomap.org), the Human DNA polymerase Gamma Mutation Database (http://tools.niehs.nih.gov/polg/) and PhyloTree.org (www.phylotree.org), a repository of global mtDNA variation. Areas of agreement The disruption in cellular energy, resulting from defects in mtDNA or defects in the nuclear-encoded genes responsible for mitochondrial maintenance, manifests in a growing number of human diseases. Areas of controversy The exact mechanisms which govern the inheritance of mtDNA are hotly debated. Growing points Although still in the early stages, the development of in vitro genetic manipulation could see an end to the inheritance of the most severe mtDNA disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dis Markers
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Dis. Markers
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DM
                Title: Disease Markers
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 0278-0240
                ISSN (Electronic): 1875-8630
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 March 2017
                Volume: 2017
                Electronic Location Identifier: 5189803
                Affiliations
                Huzhou Central Hospital, No. 198 Hongqi Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Hong C. Jin

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6363-6231
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2017/5189803
                PMC ID: 5376434
                PubMed ID: 28408773
                SO-VID: 84fe7690-017f-4c07-a06a-89138929b298
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 Han Shuwen et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 January 2017
                Date accepted : 14 February 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Huzhou Public Welfare Technology Application Research Program
                Award ID: 2016GYB14
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Data availability:

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