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      Índice de Masa Corporal y composición del brazo en niños cubanos Translated title: Body Mass Index and Arm Composition in Cuban Children

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          Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness.

          This paper reviews child and adolescent adiposity measures and associated long-term health risks. The first section argues that anthropometric measures are practical for large scale epidemiological studies, particularly the body mass index. Limitations of this and other measures are presented. The second section summarises the evidence on the relationship between child and adolescent and adult adiposity. This is based on a search for relevant literature in the following computerised databases: Medline (1985-96), BIDS (EMBASE and Science Citation Index 1985-96). The literature search revealed that the child to adult adiposity relationship is now well-documented, although methodological differences hinder comparisons. Nonetheless, consistently elevated risks of adult obesity are evident for fatter children, although the prediction of adult obesity from child and adolescent adiposity measures is only moderate. Fewer studies could be identified in relation to long-term health risks of child and adolescent adiposity. It is therefore difficult to specify categories of risk associated with childhood adiposity without more information from long-term studies. Further evidence is also required to confirm the suggestion from some studies that adult disease risks are associated with a change in adiposity from normal weight in childhood to obesity in adulthood. However, on the basis of the evidence available, it is argued that population-based approaches to the prevention of obesity are likely to be more effective than approaches targeted as fat children. Population-based approaches are desirable, first because of the poor prediction of adult obesity from child and adolescent measures, and second, because of risks of adult mortality and morbidity may be elevated for individuals who become overweight after adolescence.
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            Crecimiento prenatal y crecimiento posnatal asociados a obesidad en escolares

            Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, de casos y controles en 86 escolares de 6 a 11 años de edad portadores de obesidad y 86 niños con peso corporal normal seleccionados como controles, de la misma zona de residencia, nacidos de madres con similar edad gestacional de 37-42 semanas, homogéneos en edad y sexo y con historia de no afecciones de salud; con el propósito de identificar la posible asociación de los factores posnatales precoces y aquellos relacionados con la vida intraútero en la prevalencia de obesidad en edades ulteriores. Los resultados mostraron una fuerte asociación entre obesidad en esta edad y ganancia de peso elevada en los primeros 4 meses de vida, bajo peso, bajo índice ponderal, reducida longitud supina y circunferencia cefálica al momento del nacimiento y hábito de fumar, insuficiente ganancia de peso y bajo IMC de la madre durante el embarazo. La obesidad en la edad escolar tuvo una fuerte asociación con el crecimiento acelerado de esos escolares durante sus primeros 4 meses y con su crecimiento fetal inadecuado. En los programas de prevención de la obesidad infantil estos factores deben ser considerados. La prevención de la ganancia de peso acelerada en los primeros meses de vida de los niños nacidos con afectación del crecimiento fetal adquiere relevante importancia.
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              Urgency of reassessment of role of obesity indices for metabolic risks.

              The definition of metabolic syndrome places emphasis on health care for persons at risk. However, whether an obesity index should be a mandatory component of the definition and whether obesity indices can identify metabolic risks satisfactorily require further exploration. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of various anthropometric obesity indices in identifying the clustering of 2 or more American Heart Association (AHA)/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/International Diabetes Federation (IDF)-defined metabolic risk factors (hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) for metabolic syndrome and those of other metabolic risk factors (high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hyperuricemia, high gamma-glutamyltransferase, fatty liver) in 6141 men and 2137 women. The anthropometric indices were the following: (1) for both sexes--various levels of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) including 0.5 and body mass index (BMI) of 23 and 25 kg/m(2); (2) for men and women individually--waist circumference (W) 90/80 cm (AHA/NHLBI/IDF for ethnic groups), W 85/90 cm (Japan Society for the Study of Obesity), and combined W and BMI: W 85/90 cm and/or BMI 25 kg/m(2) (Japanese government). The results showed the following: (1) The optimal value for WHtR was 0.5 for AHA/NHLBI/IDF-defined risk factors and approximately 0.5 for other risk factors in both sexes. (2) The sensitivities of various proposed obesity indices for identifying clustering of defined and other risk factors varied between 74.4% (WHtR 0.5) and 36.3% (BMI 25) and between 80.5% (WHtR 0.5) and 43.7% (BMI 25) in men, and varied between 65.6% (WHtR 0.5) and 16.8% (W 90 cm) and between 82.3% (WHtR 0.5) and 28.2% (W 90 cm) in women. Because the sensitivities of many anthropometric indices were very low, a reassessment of the effectiveness of obesity indices in evaluating metabolic risks and especially their suitability as a single mandatory component of metabolic syndrome is urgently needed. However, WHtR 0.5 provides a very useful algorithm for screening persons at risk. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ibi
                Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas
                Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd
                ECIMED (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-3011
                December 2014
                : 33
                : 4
                : 386-392
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Nacional de Genética Médica
                Article
                S0864-03002014000400005
                85067d09-959e-40c7-b539-2aedf6ff3dee

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0864-0300&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL

                Medicine
                body mass Index,arm composition,obesity,children,Índice Masa corporal,composición del brazo,obesidad,niños

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