Sequences from the 5' end of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus RNA dimerize spontaneously in vitro in a reaction thought to mimic the initial step of genomic dimerization in vivo. Dimer initiation has been proposed to occur through a "kissing-loop" interaction involving a specific RNA stem-loop element designated SL1: the RNA strands first interact by base pairing through a six-base GC-rich palindrome in the loop of SL1, whose stems then isomerize to form a longer interstrand duplex. We now report a mutational analysis aimed at defining the features of SL1 RNA sequence and secondary structure required for in vitro dimer formation. Our results confirm that mutations which destroy complementarity in the SL1 loop abolish homodimer formation, but that certain complementary loop mutants can heterodimerize. However, complementarity was not sufficient to ensure dimerization, even between GC-rich loops, implying that specific loop sequences may be needed to maintain a conformation that is competent for initial dimer contact; the central GC pair of the loop palindrome appeared critical in this regard, as did two or three A residues which normally flank the palindrome. Neither the four-base bulge normally found in the SL1 stem nor the specific sequence of the stem itself was essential for the interaction; however, the stem structure was required, because interstrand complementarity alone did not support dimer formation. Electron microscopic analysis indicated that the RNA dimers formed in vitro morphologically resembled those isolated previously from retroviral particles. These results fully support the kissing-loop model and may provide a framework for systematically manipulating genomic dimerization in type 1 human immunodeficiency virus virions.
