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      Sospechas de ideación suicida y alucinaciones atribuibles a hidroxicloroquina en el tratamiento de la enfermedad por Coronavirus-19 Translated title: Suspicion of suicides and hallucinations possibly due to hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: Detectar y notificar casos de suicidios o intentos de suicidios y alucinaciones en pacientes tratados con hidroxicloroquina para la enfermedad por Coronavirus 2019. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de todos los pacientes tratados con hidroxicloroquina en los 40 días previos al suceso y que cumplían: suicidio consumado, psicosis aguda con intento de suicidio y comportamiento psicótico y agresividad con daño a terceros. Se excluyeron pacientes con situación previa de depresión, intento o plan organizado de suicidio, abuso de alcohol, falta de pensamiento racional o carencia de apoyo social. Para establecer el grado de asociación entre la sospecha de reacción adversa e hidroxicloroquina, se utilizó el algoritmo Karch y Lasagna modificado. Resultados: Se detectaron cinco casos graves de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos posiblemente relacionados con hidroxiclo-roquina: suicidio consumado (tres), crisis de psicosis aguda con intento de suicidio (uno) y comportamiento psicótico y agresividad con daño a terceros (uno); los dos últimos se recuperaron tras la retirada del medicamento. Todos eran varones, con edades comprendidas entre los 26-85 años. Las reacciones adversas de tipo psiquiátrico aparecieron entre los 2-5 días tras el inicio. Ninguno tenía antecedentes psiquiátricos previos, y todos se encontraban tranquilos, colaboradores y sin síntomas depresivos durante la hospitalización. Conclusión: La evidencia en otras patologías sugiere un aumento potencial de síntomas como ansiedad, ideación suicida y alucinaciones que pueden provocar agresiones o suicidio con la exposición a hidroxicloroquina, por lo que sería necesario generar evidencia del uso de hidroxicloroquina en esta situación actual de pandemia por la COVID-19 y en condiciones diferentes a las autorizadas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: This paper aims to detect and report suicide cases or suicide attempts and hallucinations during the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Methods: It was a retrospective descriptive study in which patients treated with hydroxychloroquine 40 days before the event were included: completed suicide, acute psychosis with suicide attempt and psychotic behavior and aggressiveness with harm to third parties. Patients with a previous situation of depression, attempted or organized suicide plan, alcohol abuse and lack of rational thought or social support were excluded. To establishthe degree of association between suspected adverse drug reaction and hydroxychloroquine, the modified version of the algorithm proposed by Karch and Lasagna was used. Results: There were five case reports neuropsychiatric adverse events associated with the use of hydroxychloroquine: completed suicide (three); acute psychosis crisis with suicide attempt (one) and psychotic behavior and aggressive- ness with harm to third parties (one), which recovered after withdrawal of hydroxychloroquine. All of them were male, with age ranged between 26-85 years. Psychiatric-type adverse reactions appeared between 2-5 days after initiating therapy. None had a prior psychiatric history, and all were calm, cooperative, and without depressive symptoms during hospitalization. Conclusion: Evidence in other pathologies suggests a potential increase in symptoms such as anxiety, suicidal ideation and hallucinations that can cause aggression or suicide with exposure to hydroxychloroquine, so others studies are needed in this current situation of pandemic by COVID-19 and unapproved use of hydroxychloroquine.

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          Most cited references20

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          Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial

          Background Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads. Patients and methods French Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a single arm protocol from early March to March 16th, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting. Depending on their clinical presentation, azithromycin was added to the treatment. Untreated patients from another center and cases refusing the protocol were included as negative controls. Presence and absence of virus at Day6-post inclusion was considered the end point. Results Six patients were asymptomatic, 22 had upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and eight had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms. Twenty cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral carriage at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination. Conclusion Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.
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            Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread

            Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (SARS-CoV). No effective prophylactic or post-exposure therapy is currently available. Results We report, however, that chloroquine has strong antiviral effects on SARS-CoV infection of primate cells. These inhibitory effects are observed when the cells are treated with the drug either before or after exposure to the virus, suggesting both prophylactic and therapeutic advantage. In addition to the well-known functions of chloroquine such as elevations of endosomal pH, the drug appears to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. This may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding and abrogate the infection, with further ramifications by the elevation of vesicular pH, resulting in the inhibition of infection and spread of SARS CoV at clinically admissible concentrations. Conclusion Chloroquine is effective in preventing the spread of SARS CoV in cell culture. Favorable inhibition of virus spread was observed when the cells were either treated with chloroquine prior to or after SARS CoV infection. In addition, the indirect immunofluorescence assay described herein represents a simple and rapid method for screening SARS-CoV antiviral compounds.
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              New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?

              Recently, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China. Despite drastic containment measures, the spread of this virus is ongoing. SARS-CoV-2 is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) characterised by pulmonary infection in humans. The efforts of international health authorities have since focused on rapid diagnosis and isolation of patients as well as the search for therapies able to counter the most severe effects of the disease. In the absence of a known efficient therapy and because of the situation of a public-health emergency, it made sense to investigate the possible effect of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 since this molecule was previously described as a potent inhibitor of most coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1. Preliminary trials of chloroquine repurposing in the treatment of COVID-19 in China have been encouraging, leading to several new trials. Here we discuss the possible mechanisms of chloroquine interference with the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ofil
                Revista de la OFIL
                Rev. OFIL·ILAPHAR
                Organización de Farmacéuticos Ibero-Latinoamericanos (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1131-9429
                1699-714X
                December 2022
                : 32
                : 4
                : 355-359
                Affiliations
                [3] Granada orgnameHospital Virgen de las Nieves de Granada orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria España
                [1] Toledo orgnameHospital Nacional de Parapléjicos de Toledo orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria España
                [2] Toledo orgnameHospital Virgen del Valle de Toledo orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria España
                Article
                S1699-714X2022000400008 S1699-714X(22)03200400008
                10.4321/s1699-714x2022000400008
                85661e29-11ff-49d4-bc1c-ecb05c048157

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 May 2021
                : 23 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain

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                hallucinations,COVID-19,hidroxicloroquina,alucinaciones,suicidio,seguridad,suicide,safety,hydroxychloroquine

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