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      The description-experience gap: a meta-analysis Translated title: La brecha descripción-experiencia: un metanálisis

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          Abstract

          Abstract Choice behavior differs depending on how the information about options is presented to the subjects, via either descriptions or experience(1), a phenomenon called the description-experience gap. Cumulative Prospect Theory(2) implies overweighting of rare events, but when options are experienced instead of described, the opposite result is found: rare events are underweighted(1,3). Our meta-analysis studied three important factors on the description-experience gap related to Cumulative Prospect Theory: the over-and under-weighting of rare events in description- and experience-based tasks, the task domain and the probability of the rare event. Aside from these three elements, another three additional factors were studied: the existence of a certain option, the description task paradigm and the experience task paradigm. Recently, a meta-analysis on this topic was published(4), which focused on one specific type of experience task paradigm called sampling. In the present meta-analysis, we focused on the other major experience task paradigm –feedback paradigm– and the combination of both paradigms, to see if we could find differential effects between their meta-analytical approach and ours. However, this was not the case, as we found similar results, being the effect consistent across factors and methods. We conclude that the fact that the reference model(2) is a descriptive one, and that the factor most frequently evoked to explain the description-experience gap is sampling biases in the experience-based tasks – which are part of the methodology of the task itself – suggests that the description-experience gap is an irreducible psychological phenomenon (i.e. a phenomenon that does not rely on other psychological mechanisms, but solely on the methodology of the task).

          Translated abstract

          Resumen La conducta de elección difiere según cómo se presente la información de las opciones a los sujetos, via descripciones o experiencia(1), un fenómeno llamado la brecha descripción-experiencia. La Teoría de los Prospectos(2) apunta una sobre-ponderación de eventos raros; pero cuando se experimentan opciones en lugar de describirse, se encuentra el resultado opuesto: los eventos raros se infravaloran(1,3). Nuestro meta-análisis estudió tres factores importantes sobre la brecha descripción-experiencia relacionada con la teoría de la perspectiva acumulativa: la sobrevaloración y la subestimación de eventos raros en tareas basadas en la descripción y la experiencia, el dominio de la tarea y la probabilidad del evento raro. Además de estos tres elementos, se estudiaron otros tres factores adicionales: la existencia de una opción determinada, el paradigma de la tarea de descripción y el paradigma de la tarea de experiencia. Recientemente, se publicó un metaanálisis sobre este tema(4), que se centró en un tipo específico de paradigma de tarea de experiencia llamado muestreo. En el presente meta-análisis, nos centramos en el otro paradigma de la tarea de experiencia principal, el paradigma de retroalimentación, y la combinación de ambos paradigmas, para ver si podíamos encontrar efectos diferenciales entre su enfoque meta-analítico y el nuestro. Sin embargo, éste no fue el caso, ya que encontramos resultados similares: el efecto es consistente en todos los factores y métodos. Concluimos que el hecho de que el modelo de referencia(2) es descriptivo y que el factor más frecuentemente evocado para explicar la brecha entre la descripción y la experiencia sean los sesgos de muestreo en las tareas basadas en la experiencia, que son parte de la metodología de la tarea misma, sugiere que la brecha descripción-experiencia es un fenómeno psicológico irreducible (es decir, un fenómeno que no se basa en otros mecanismos psicológicos, sino únicamente en la metodología de la tarea).

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          Most cited references59

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          Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic

          The kappa statistic is frequently used to test interrater reliability. The importance of rater reliability lies in the fact that it represents the extent to which the data collected in the study are correct representations of the variables measured. Measurement of the extent to which data collectors (raters) assign the same score to the same variable is called interrater reliability. While there have been a variety of methods to measure interrater reliability, traditionally it was measured as percent agreement, calculated as the number of agreement scores divided by the total number of scores. In 1960, Jacob Cohen critiqued use of percent agreement due to its inability to account for chance agreement. He introduced the Cohen’s kappa, developed to account for the possibility that raters actually guess on at least some variables due to uncertainty. Like most correlation statistics, the kappa can range from −1 to +1. While the kappa is one of the most commonly used statistics to test interrater reliability, it has limitations. Judgments about what level of kappa should be acceptable for health research are questioned. Cohen’s suggested interpretation may be too lenient for health related studies because it implies that a score as low as 0.41 might be acceptable. Kappa and percent agreement are compared, and levels for both kappa and percent agreement that should be demanded in healthcare studies are suggested.
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            Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty

            Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297-323
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              A Mathematical Theory of Communication

              C. Shannon (1948)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2021
                : 6
                : 1
                : 104-137
                Affiliations
                [1] Braga orgnameUniversidade do Minho orgdiv1Department of Basic Psychology Portugal
                Article
                S2529-850X2021000100008 S2529-850X(21)00600100008
                10.19230/jonnpr.3658
                85682074-ece7-4b8f-836c-8f46695cfecf

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 October 2020
                : 28 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 34
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Review

                cumulative prospect theory,brecha descripción-experiencia,conducta de elección,toma de decisiones,Teoría de los Prospectos Cumulativos,description-experience gap,choice behavior,decision making

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