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      Phagosome proteomes open the way to a better understanding of phagosome function

      review-article
      1 , , 2
      Genome Biology
      BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Determination of the global protein composition of phagosomes is a first step to understanding how these organelles carry out their function.

          Abstract

          Phagocytic cells take up microbes and other particles into membrane-bounded organelles called phagosomes. Studies on the protein and lipid composition of model phagosomes containing latex beads are the first step in a systems-biology approach to understanding how these organelles function.

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          Most cited references13

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          The Phagosome Proteome

          Phagosomes are key organelles for the innate ability of macrophages to participate in tissue remodeling, clear apoptotic cells, and restrict the spread of intracellular pathogens. To understand the functions of phagosomes, we initiated the systematic identification of their proteins. Using a proteomic approach, we identified >140 proteins associated with latex bead–containing phagosomes. Among these were hydrolases, proton pump ATPase subunits, and proteins of the fusion machinery, validating our approach. A series of unexpected proteins not previously described along the endocytic/phagocytic pathways were also identified, including the apoptotic proteins galectin3, Alix, and TRAIL, the anti-apoptotic protein 14-3-3, the lipid raft-enriched flotillin-1, the anti-microbial molecule lactadherin, and the small GTPase rab14. In addition, 24 spots from which the peptide masses could not be matched to entries in any database potentially represent new phagosomal proteins. The elaboration of a two-dimensional gel database of >160 identified spots allowed us to analyze how phagosome composition is modulated during phagolysosome biogenesis. Remarkably, during this process, hydrolases are not delivered in bulk to phagosomes, but are instead acquired sequentially. The systematic characterization of phagosome proteins provided new insights into phagosome functions and the protein or groups of proteins involved in and regulating these functions.
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            Biogenesis of phagolysosomes proceeds through a sequential series of interactions with the endocytic apparatus

            We have examined the modifications occurring during the transformation of phagosomes into phagolysosomes in J-774 macrophages. The use of low density latex beads as markers of phagosomes (latex bead compartments, LBC) allowed the isolation of these organelles by flotation on a simple sucrose gradient. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunocytochemistry, and biochemical assays have been used to characterize the composition of LBC at different time points after their formation, as well as their interactions with the organelles of the endocytic pathway. Our results show that LBC acquire and lose various markers during their transformation into phagolysosomes. Among these are members of the rab family of small GTPases as well as proteins of the lamp family. The transfer of the LBC of lamp 2, a membrane protein associated with late endocytic structures, was shown to be microtubule dependent. Video-microscopy showed that newly formed phagosomes were involved in rapid multiple contacts with late components of the endocytic pathway. Collectively, these observations suggest that phagolysosome formation is a highly dynamic process that involves the gradual and regulated acquisition of markers from endocytic organelles.
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              Selected lipids activate phagosome actin assembly and maturation resulting in killing of pathogenic mycobacteria.

              Pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium facilitate disease by surviving intracellularly within a potentially hostile environment: the macrophage phagosome. They inhibit phagosome maturation processes, including fusion with lysosomes, acidification and, as shown here, membrane actin assembly. An in vitro assay developed for latex bead phagosomes (LBPs) provided insights into membrane signalling events that regulate phagosome actin assembly, a process linked to membrane fusion. Different lipids were found to stimulate or inhibit actin assembly by LBPs and mycobacterial phagosomes in vitro. In addition, selected lipids activated actin assembly and phagosome maturation in infected macrophages, resulting in a significant killing of M. tuberculosis and M. avium. In contrast, the polyunsaturated sigma-3 lipids behaved differently and stimulated pathogen growth. Thus, lipids can be involved in both stimulatory and inhibitory signalling networks in the phagosomal membrane.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Genome Biol
                Genome Biology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1465-6906
                1465-6914
                2007
                15 March 2007
                : 8
                : 3
                : 207
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Cell Biology Program, EMBL, Meyerhofstrasse, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
                [2 ]IHEM (U.N. Cuyo-CONICET), Casilla de Correo, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
                Article
                gb-2007-8-3-207
                10.1186/gb-2007-8-3-207
                1868947
                17367543
                858143a7-a3c5-402e-8c89-ffdd65c1df0f
                Copyright © 2007 BioMed Central Ltd
                History
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                Genetics
                Genetics

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