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      Electroacupuncture at ST25 Inhibits Cisapride-Induced Gastric Motility in an Intensity-Dependent Manner

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          Abstract

          Background. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of frequency-specific EAS. However, evaluation of intensity-response effects is challenging and has yet to be addressed. Aims. Using cisapride to promote gastric emptying, we measured the intensity-response relationship of EA at ST25 on gastric motility. Methods. We determined the effects of EA at ST25 using intensities (0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 mA) on gastric motility in rats injected with cisapride (0.2, 0.02, and 0.002 mg/kg). Results. Utilizing three concentrations of cisapride yielded significantly differing levels of gastric motility. Furthermore, log IC 50 values for EAS were different within each group. Given the same EA intensity, cisapride antagonism decreased progressively in each group as a function of drug concentration. The relative amount of cisapride antagonized by EAS did not change in a linear fashion. Finally, EAS at different intensities within the three groups induced a similar pattern of cisapride antagonism. Conclusions. The ability of EAS to elicit a decrease in cisapride-induced gastric motility pressure was demonstrated in this study. The study encompasses construct validity to mirror individualized treatment being based on patients' subjective feelings, not on a set fixed EA intensity. Clinically utilizing EAS at the smallest intensity can achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

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          Role of serotonin in gastrointestinal motility and irritable bowel syndrome.

          Kaushal Kishor Prasad, Satya Rana, Arbab Sikander (2009)
          Serotonin (5-HT) is an important signaling molecule in the gut targeting enterocytes, smooth muscles and enteric neurons. Most of the body serotonin is present in enterochromaffin cells. Serotonin activates both intrinsic and extrinsic primary afferent neurons to, respectively initiate peristaltic and secretory reflexes and to transmit information to the central nervous system. Serotonin is inactivated by the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) in the enterocytes or neurons. Exogenous serotonin application evokes so many responses that it is difficult to determine which is physiologically relevant. This effect is largely due to the presence of multiple receptor subtypes, which appear to be present on several classes of myenteric neurons, on smooth muscle cells, and on epithelial cells. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex disorder that is associated with altered gastrointestinal motility, secretion and sensation. Altered serotonin signaling may lead to both intestinal and extra intestinal systems in IBS. In this review, the literature related to role of serotonin signaling in pathophysiology of IBS has been searched and summarized. Therapeutic agents targeting altered serotonin signaling may provide new effective treatment for patients with IBS. Tegaserod, 5-HT(4) partial agonist is used in constipation predominant IBS while alosetron, a 5-HT(3) antagonist used in IBS with diarrhea. Other compounds such as tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors have been used in some patients with IBS.
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            Neural mechanisms of the reflex inhibition and excitation of gastric motility elicited by acupuncture-like stimulation in anesthetized rats.

            Akio Sato, Yuko Sato, Atsuko Suzuki … (1993)
            The effects of acupuncture-like stimulation of the various segmental areas on gastric motility were examined in anesthetized rats. An acupuncture needle (diameter 340 microns) was inserted into the skin and underlying muscles at a depth of 4-5 mm and was twisted right and left once every second for 60 s. Gastric motility in the pyloric region was measured with the balloon method. Gastric motility was inhibited by acupuncture-like stimulation applied to the abdomen and lower chest region, and was often excited when the limbs were stimulated, in all cases in which stimuli were delivered to the skin and muscles, the skin alone, and the underlying muscles alone. The inhibitory gastric response to abdominal stimulation was accompanied by an increase in the activity of the gastric sympathetic efferent nerve and was abolished by severance of either the sympathetic nerve branches to the stomach or the lower thoracic spinal nerves. The abdominal stimulation enhanced the activity of the lower thoracic spinal afferent nerves. The excitatory gastric response to hindpaw stimulation was accompanied by an increase in the activity of the gastric vagal efferent nerve and was abolished by severance of either the bilateral vagi or the femoral and sciatic nerves. The hindpaw stimulation enhanced the activity of the femoral and sciatic afferent nerves. In the spinalized animals, the inhibitory gastric response elicited by abdominal stimulation was present, and the hindpaw stimulation did not produce any gastric response. We conclude that the inhibitory gastric response elicited by acupuncture-like stimulation of the abdomen is a reflex response. Its afferent nerve pathway is composed of abdominal cutaneous and muscle afferent nerves, the efferent nerve pathway is the gastric sympathetic nerve, and its reflex center is within the spinal cord. The excitatory gastric response elicited by acupuncture-like stimulation of a hindpaw is also a reflex response. Its afferent nerve pathway is composed of hindpaw cutaneous and muscle afferent nerves, the efferent nerve pathway is the gastric vagal efferent nerve, and its reflex center requires the presence of the brain. Furthermore, the excitatory and the inhibitory gastric reflex responses were not influenced by i.v. administration of naloxone (0.4-4 mg/kg), suggesting that endogenous opioids are not involved in the present reflexes.
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              Acupuncture regulates gut motility and secretion via nerve reflexes.

              Eitaro Noguchi (2010)
              Digestive disorders impose a heavy medical and economical burden on society and they represent one of the most common reasons for seeking medical consultation. Acupuncture is one of the procedures available to treat these conditions; however, partly because of the limited scientific evidence as yet obtained, the method has not been widely accepted by the medical community as an evidence-based effective treatment. This article presents some recent experimental work on the effectiveness of acupuncture in changing motility in the stomach and duodenum in anesthetized rats. We have shown that electrical or mechanical acupuncture of abdominal points inhibits visceral motility; the effect is due to a spinal reflex that involves activation of sympathetic nerve fibers and requires a peripheral stimulation of skin or muscles capable of activating group VI afferent nerve fibers. In contrast, acupuncture to a hindlimb enhances gastric or duodenal motility, and the reflex at work is supra-spinal and involves the vagus nerve; the peripheral stimulation activates type III afferent fibers. In addition to the reflexes that are activated, the effects of acupuncture may be mediated via centers in the limbic system, the hypothalamus and the brain stem. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 32 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ECAM
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date (Print): 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2016
                Publication date PMC-release: 22 February 2016
                Volume: 2016
                Electronic Location Identifier: 3457025
                Affiliations
                1Key Laboratory of Integrated Acupuncture and Drugs, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
                2Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Raffaele Capasso

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1986-1188
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2016/3457025
                PMC ID: 4779844
                PubMed ID: 26997963
                SO-VID: 858da26a-dbba-499b-afc0-79f9338403da
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 Tingting Pang et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 16 September 2015
                Date accepted : 24 January 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

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