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      GLOBAL GLACIAL ISOSTASY AND THE SURFACE OF THE ICE-AGE EARTH: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE

      Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
      Annual Reviews

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          Calibration of the 14C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass spectrometric U–Th ages from Barbados corals

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            Rheology of the upper mantle: a synthesis.

            S Karato, P Wu (1993)
            Rheological properties of the upper mantle of the Earth play an important role in the dynamics of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. However, such fundamental issues as the dominant mechanisms of flow have not been well resolved. A synthesis of laboratory studies and geophysical and geological observations shows that transitions between diffusion and dislocation creep likely occur in the Earth's upper mantle. The hot and shallow upper mantle flows by dislocation creep, whereas cold and shallow or deep upper mantle may flow by diffusion creep. When the stress increases, grain size is reduced and the upper mantle near the transition between these two regimes is weakened. Consequently, deformation is localized and the upper mantle is decoupled mechanically near these depths.
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              Deformation of the Earth by surface loads

              W Farrell (1972)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
                Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.
                Annual Reviews
                0084-6597
                1545-4495
                May 19 2004
                May 19 2004
                : 32
                : 1
                : 111-149
                Article
                10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359
                859f06ef-e26f-40a8-9b50-00e358882d56
                © 2004
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