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      Efficacy of absolute alcohol injection compared with band ligation in the eradication of esophageal varices Translated title: Eficácia da injeção de álcool absoluto comparada com ligadura elástica na erradicação de varizes de esôfago

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sclerotherapy is an absolute indication for treating esophageal varices. Re-bleeding is common during the treatment period, before all varices become eradicated. AIM: To compare two techniques of endoscopic esophageal varices eradication: sclerotherapy with absolute alcohol and banding ligation. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Forty-six patients with liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices were prospectively randomized into two treatment groups: endoscopic sclerotherapy with absolute alcohol and banding ligation. Patients were included if they had large varices with signs of high bleeding risk. Informed writing consent was obtained from every patient and the Ethics Committee of Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil, approved the study. After eradication, all patients were followed up to 1 year to look for re-bleeding episodes and variceal recurrence. RESULTS: Both groups were similar except that male gender was more common in the sclerotherapy group. There was no statistical difference regarding variceal eradication (78.3% in sclerotherapy group vs 73.9% in the ligation group), recurrence (26.7% vs 42.9%, respectively) and death related to any cause (21.7% vs 13.9%). In the sclerotherapy group more sessions were need to obtain complete variceal eradication. In this group we did observe a high re-bleeding rate (34.8%) and more ulcers associated with retrosternal pain right after the procedure. There was no difference regarding overall morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Banding ligation requires fewer sessions than sclerotherapy with absolute alcohol to eradicate esophageal varices. Both methods are equally efficient regarding variceal eradication and recurrence during a short follow-up period.

          Translated abstract

          RACIONAL: Escleroterapia endoscópica tem indicação absoluta no tratamento das varizes de esôfago. Ressangramento é comum durante o período de tratamento, antes que as varizes sejam erradicadas. OBJETIVO: Comparar duas técnicas de erradicação endoscópica de varizes de esôfago: escleroterapia com álcool absoluto e ligadura elástica. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Quarenta e seis pacientes com cirrose hepática e varizes de esôfago foram prospectivamente randomizados em dois grupos de tratamento: escleroterapia endoscópica com álcool absoluto e ligadura elástica. Os pacientes foram incluídos no estudo se tivessem varizes de grosso calibre com sinais de alto risco de sangramento. Consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de cada paciente e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da instituição onde o estudo foi realizado. Após a erradicação, todos os pacientes foram seguidos durante 1 ano para avaliar a taxa de ressangramento e a recidiva das varizes. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos foram parecidos exceto no que se refere ao sexo masculino, mais comum no grupo da escleroterapia. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação a erradicação das varizes (78,3% no grupo da escleroterapia vs. 73,9% no grupo da ligadura), recidiva (26,7% vs. 42,9%, respectivamente) e mortalidade relacionada a qualquer causa (21,7% vs. 13,9%). No grupo da escleroterapia houve necessidade de maior número de sessões para obtenção da erradicação completa das varizes. Neste mesmo grupo observou-se alta taxa de ressangramento (34,8%) e presença de mais úlceras associadas com dor retroesternal logo após o procedimento. Não houve diferença na morbimortalidade global. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento com ligadura elástica requer menos sessões do que a escleroterapia com álcool absoluto para erradicar as varizes de esôfago. Ambos os métodos são igualmente eficazes, a curto prazo, no que diz respeito à taxa de erradicação e recidiva das varizes.

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          Most cited references39

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          Long-term follow-up of gastric variceal sclerotherapy: an eleven-year experience.

          Shiv Sarin (1997)
          Bleeding from gastric varices is often a serious medical emergency. The role of endoscopy in the management of gastric variceal bleeding is still controversial. The types of gastric varices and their respective management strategies have not been identified. Gastric varices were observed in 209 patients with portal hypertension. Seventy-one patients (with cirrhosis 33, noncirrhotic 38) underwent gastric variceal sclerotherapy, 53 of these (75%) for gastric variceal bleeding. By use of a previously described classification, gastric varices were divided into gastroesophageal varices, type 1 (GOV1) and type 2 (GOV2), and isolated gastric varices, type 1 (IGV 1). Gastric variceal sclerotherapy was done every week using a combination technique of paravariceal and intravariceal injections with absolute alcohol. Emergency gastric variceal sclerotherapy arrested acute bleeding in 12 (66.7%) of 18 patients. Variceal obliteration was achieved in 43 of the 60 (71.6%) patients who underwent repeated elective sclerotherapy. Variceal obliteration was higher in patients with GOV1 (94.4%) than in those with GOV2 (70.4%) and IGV1 (41%). Rebleeding after elective gastric variceal sclerotherapy was seen in 5.5%, 19%, and 53%, respectively, in the three types of gastric varices. Gastric variceal recurrence was not seen during a mean follow-up of 24.2 +/- 22.9 months. Seventeen (24%) patients died, nearly equally from rebleeding and liver failure. (1) Sclerotherapy can effectively arrest acute gastric variceal bleeding and achieve gastric variceal obliteration, (2) it is more effective in patients with gastroesophageal varices, and (3) alternative therapies need to be evaluated for patients with IGV1.
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            Prospective randomized trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus variceal band ligation for esophageal varices: influence on gastropathy, gastric varices and variceal recurrence.

            Endoscopic variceal ligation and endoscopic sclerotherapy are both recommended for the prevention of variceal rebleeding. To compare their efficacy, their influence on gastric varices and the development of portal gastropathy, 95 patients with variceal bleeding were studied. The patients were randomized to receive weekly endoscopic sclerotherapy using alcohol (n=48) or endoscopic variceal ligation (n=47). The endoscopic sclerotherapy and endoscopic variceal ligation groups were comparable in etiology, severity of liver disease and grade of varices. In the arrest of acute bleed, endoscopic sclerotherapy and endoscopic variceal ligation were comparable (86% vs. 80%, p=ns). Endoscopic variceal ligation as compared to endoscopic sclerotherapy, obliterated esophageal varices in fewer sessions (4.1+/-1.2 vs. 5.2+/-1.8, p<0.01) and a shorter time (4.4+/-1.3 vs. 6.9+/-3.4 wk, p<0.01). Three (6.4%) patients bled after endoscopic variceal ligation and 10 (20.8%) after endoscopic sclerotherapy (p<0.05). The actuarial percentage of variceal recurrence during a follow-up of 8.5+/-4.4 months, was higher after endoscopic variceal ligation than endoscopic sclerotherapy (28.7% vs 7.5%, p<0.05). Esophageal stricture formation after endoscopic sclerotherapy occurred in five (10.4%) patients, but in none after endoscopic variceal ligation. Significantly more patients developed gastropathy after endoscopic sclerotherapy than ligation (20.5% vs. 2.3%; p=0.02). Endoscopic sclerotherapy (52%) and endoscopic variceal ligation (59%) were equally effective in obliterating the lesser curve gastric varices. Six patients died: three in each group. (i) Endoscopic sclerotherapy and endoscopic variceal ligation were equally effective in controlling acute bleed; (ii) endoscopic ligation achieved variceal obliteration faster and in fewer treatment sessions; (iii) endoscopic variceal ligation had a significantly lower rate of development of portal gastropathy and rebleeding, (iv) while both techniques influenced gastric varices equally, there was significantly higher esophageal variceal recurrence after endoscopic variceal ligation than sclerotherapy.
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              A prospective, randomized trial of sclerotherapy versus ligation in the management of bleeding esophageal varices.

              We conducted a prospective, randomized trial comparing sclerotherapy and ligation in 120 patients with acute bleeding of esophageal varices. All the patients were cirrhotic, 59 received sclerotherapy, and 61 received ligation. Treatment was repeated regularly until the varices were obliterated. The mean follow-up period was 295 +/- 120 days and 310 +/- 105 days for the sclerotherapy and ligation groups, respectively. The control of active bleeding was 12/15 (80%) in the sclerotherapy group and 18/19 (94%) in the ligation group (P = .23). The numbers of treatment sessions required to achieve variceal obliteration were 6.5 +/- 1.2 in the sclerotherapy group and 3.8 +/- 0.4 in the ligation group (P < .001). Recurrent bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract was 51% in the sclerotherapy group compared with 33% in the ligation group (P < .05). Recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices was 36% in the sclerotherapy group and 11% in the ligation group (P < .01). However, bleeding from ectopic varices and congestive gastropathy was less common in the sclerotherapy group (7%) than in the ligation group (18%) (P = .05). Significant complications were encountered in 19% of the sclerotherapy group and in 3.3% of the ligation group (P < .01). Comparison of Kaplan-Meier estimates of time to death of both groups showed a significantly lower mortality in the ligation group (P = .011). Both sclerotherapy and ligation can effectively arrest active bleeding from esophageal varices. However, ligation is more effective than sclerotherapy in decreasing the risk of rebleeding from esophageal varices with fewer complications. Ligation can also achieve obliteration of esophageal varices more rapidly than sclerotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ag
                Arquivos de Gastroenterologia
                Arq. Gastroenterol.
                Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Gastroenterologia e Outras Especialidades - IBEPEGE. (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-2803
                1678-4219
                June 2005
                : 42
                : 2
                : 72-76
                Affiliations
                [01] São Paulo SP orgnameFederal University of São Paulo orgdiv1Division of Gastroenterology Brazil
                Article
                S0004-28032005000200002 S0004-2803(05)04200202
                85d79e8a-3918-455d-b389-46eff40283e7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 May 2004
                : 18 October 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Hypertension,Gastrointestinal hemorrhage,Varizes esofágica e gástricas,Esophageal and gastric varices,Ligation,Ligadura,Hipertensão,Hemorragia gastrointestinal

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