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      Chikungunya Virus: Pathophysiology, Mechanism, and Modeling

      review-article
      1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , * , 4 , *
      Viruses
      MDPI
      arboviruses, pathogenesis, vaccine, 3D organoid

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          Abstract

          Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus, is recurring in epidemic waves. In the past decade and a half, the disease has resurged in several countries around the globe, with outbreaks becoming increasingly severe. Though CHIKV was first isolated in 1952, there remain significant gaps in knowledge of CHIKV biology, pathogenesis, transmission, and mechanism. Diagnosis is largely simplified and based on symptoms, while treatment is supportive rather than curative. Here we present an overview of the disease, the challenges that lie ahead for future research, and what directions current studies are headed towards, with emphasis on improvement of current animal models and potential use of 3D models.

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          Most cited references71

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          Two Chikungunya Isolates from the Outbreak of La Reunion (Indian Ocean) Exhibit Different Patterns of Infection in the Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

          Background A Chikungunya (CHIK) outbreak hit La Réunion Island in 2005–2006. The implicated vector was Aedes albopictus. Here, we present the first study on the susceptibility of Ae. albopictus populations to sympatric CHIKV isolates from La Réunion Island and compare it to other virus/vector combinations. Methodology and Findings We orally infected 8 Ae. albopictus collections from La Réunion and 3 from Mayotte collected in March 2006 with two Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from La Réunion: (i) strain 05.115 collected in June 2005 with an Alanine at the position 226 of the glycoprotein E1 and (ii) strain 06.21 collected in November 2005 with a substitution A226V. Two other CHIKV isolates and four additional mosquito strains/species were also tested. The viral titer of the infectious blood-meal was 107 plaque forming units (pfu)/mL. Dissemination rates were assessed by immunofluorescent staining on head squashes of surviving females 14 days after infection. Rates were at least two times higher with CHIKV 06.21 compared to CHIKV 05.115. In addition, 10 individuals were analyzed every day by quantitative RT-PCR. Viral RNA was quantified on (i) whole females and (ii) midguts and salivary glands of infected females. When comparing profiles, CHIKV 06.21 produced nearly 2 log more viral RNA copies than CHIKV 05.115. Furthermore, females infected with CHIKV 05.115 could be divided in two categories: weakly susceptible or strongly susceptible, comparable to those infected by CHIKV 06.21. Histological analysis detected the presence of CHIKV in salivary glands two days after infection. In addition, Ae. albopictus from La Réunion was as efficient vector as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Vietnam when infected with the CHIKV 06.21. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that the CHIK outbreak in La Réunion Island was due to a highly competent vector Ae. albopictus which allowed an efficient replication and dissemination of CHIKV 06.21.
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            The Newala epidemic. III. The virus: isolation, pathogenic properties and relationship to the epidemic.

            R. W. Ross (1956)
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              First cases of autochthonous dengue fever and chikungunya fever in France: from bad dream to reality!

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Viruses
                Viruses
                viruses
                Viruses
                MDPI
                1999-4915
                01 December 2017
                December 2017
                : 9
                : 12
                : 368
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; vaishnavi.ganesan@ 123456unmc.edu
                [2 ]Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
                [3 ]Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
                [4 ]Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: bin.duan@ 123456unmc.edu (B.D.); patrick.reid@ 123456unmc.edu (S.P.R.); Tel.: +1-(402)-559-9637 (B.D.); +1-(402)-559-3644 (S.P.R.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-3793
                Article
                viruses-09-00368
                10.3390/v9120368
                5744143
                29194359
                85e665fe-6c6c-4bfe-8114-984254bb2231
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 16 September 2017
                : 23 November 2017
                Categories
                Review

                Microbiology & Virology
                arboviruses,pathogenesis,vaccine,3d organoid
                Microbiology & Virology
                arboviruses, pathogenesis, vaccine, 3d organoid

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