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      Similar Growth Performance but Contrasting Biomass Allocation of Root-Flooded Terrestrial Plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. in Response to Nutrient Versus Dissolved Oxygen Stress

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          Abstract

          Terrestrial plants may experience nutrient and oxygen stress when they are submerged, and increases in flooding are anticipated with climate change. It has been well reported that plants usually shift biomass allocation and produce more roots in response to nutrient deficiency. However, it is unclear whether plants experiencing oxygen deficiency stimulate biomass allocation to roots to enhance nutrient absorption, similar to how plants experiencing nutrient deficiency behave. We investigated the responses of the terrestrial species Alternanthera philoxeroides, upon root flooding, to nutrient versus dissolved oxygen deficiency in terms of plant growth, biomass allocation, root production, root efficiency (plant growth sustained per unit root surface area), and root aerenchyma formation. Both nutrient and dissolved oxygen deficiency hampered the growth of root-flooded plants. As expected, plants experiencing nutrient deficiency increased biomass allocation to roots and exhibited lower root efficiency; in contrast, plants experiencing dissolved oxygen deficiency decreased biomass allocation to roots but achieved higher root efficiency. The diameter of aerenchyma channels in roots were enlarged in plants experiencing dissolved oxygen deficiency but did not change in plants experiencing nutrient deficiency. The widening of aerenchyma channels in roots could have improved the oxygen status and thereby the nutrient absorption capability of roots in low oxygen environments, which might benefit the plants to tolerate flooding.

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          How do plants respond to nutrient shortage by biomass allocation?

          Plants constantly sense the changes in their environment; when mineral elements are scarce, they often allocate a greater proportion of their biomass to the root system. This acclimatory response is a consequence of metabolic changes in the shoot and an adjustment of carbohydrate transport to the root. It has long been known that deficiencies of essential macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium) result in an accumulation of carbohydrates in leaves and roots, and modify the shoot-to-root biomass ratio. Here, we present an update on the effects of mineral deficiencies on the expression of genes involved in primary metabolism in the shoot, the evidence for increased carbohydrate concentrations and altered biomass allocation between shoot and root, and the consequences of these changes on the growth and morphology of the plant root system.
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            The role of nutrient availability in regulating root architecture.

            The ability of plants to respond appropriately to nutrient availability is of fundamental importance for their adaptation to the environment. Nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate, sulfate and iron act as signals that can be perceived. These signals trigger molecular mechanisms that modify cell division and cell differentiation processes within the root and have a profound impact on root system architecture. Important developmental processes, such as root-hair formation, primary root growth and lateral root formation, are particularly sensitive to changes in the internal and external concentration of nutrients. The responses of root architecture to nutrients can be modified by plant growth regulators, such as auxins, cytokinins and ethylene, suggesting that the nutritional control of root development may be mediated by changes in hormone synthesis, transport or sensitivity. Recent information points to the existence of nutrient-specific signal transduction pathways that interpret the external and internal concentrations of nutrients to modify root development. Progress in this field has led to the cloning of regulatory genes that play pivotal roles in nutrient-induced changes to root development.
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              Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                07 February 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 111
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
                [2] 2Department of Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [3] 3Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University , Leiden, Netherlands
                Author notes

                Edited by: Scott Alan Heckathorn, The University of Toledo, United States

                Reviewed by: Gustavo Gabriel Striker, CONICET Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Argentina; Ping Lan, Institute of Soil Science (CAS), China

                *Correspondence: Bo Zeng, bzeng@ 123456swu.edu.cn

                These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Plant Nutrition, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2019.00111
                6374607
                85f56660-8387-4361-a6bf-8f4cd0949d01
                Copyright © 2019 Ayi, Zeng, Yang, Lin, Zhang, van Bodegom and Cornelissen.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 12 October 2018
                : 23 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Equations: 1, References: 41, Pages: 10, Words: 0
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                nutrient versus dissolved oxygen stress,plant growth,biomass allocation,root production,root efficiency,aerenchyma channel diameter,flooding tolerance,alternanthera philoxeroides

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