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      TEMPRANAS EVIDENCIAS DE NAVEGACIÓN Y CAZA DE ESPECIES OCEÁNICAS EN LA COSTA PACÍFICA DE SUDAMÉRICA (TALTAL, ~ 7.000 AÑOS CAL. A.P.) Translated title: EARLY EVIDENCE FOR OPEN SEA NAVIGATION AND FISHING ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA (TALTAL, ~7,000 CAL BP)

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          Abstract

          Se presentan bioindicadores de prácticas de navegación y caza de especies oceánicas durante el Holoceno Medio (ca. 7.000 cal a.p.) en la costa árida del Norte Grande de Chile. A partir del análisis de los restos ictiológicos provenientes de excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en el sitio Agua Dulce (Taltal, II Región) se identificó la presencia de peces epipelágicos de gran tamaño: pez espada (Xiphias gladius), marlín (Istiophoridae) y dos especies de tiburones (Notorynchus cepedianus y Galeorhinus galeus), registrados en cuatro momentos ocupacionales de la secuencia estratigráfica del Arcaico Medio de la costa árida. Evidencias similares han sido detectadas también en otros sitios contemporáneos del área (Zapatero, Caleta Bandurrias, Cachinales). Esto implicaría que las poblaciones costeras desde tiempos tempranos tuvieron acceso a nuevos espacios ecoantrópicos mediante el uso de algún tipo de embarcación, como parte de un sistema de adaptación especializado en la explotación de los recursos marinos. La caza de grandes especies oceánicas se habría iniciado en un contexto de creciente complejidad social por parte de las poblaciones locales.

          Translated abstract

          We present bio-indicators of navigation and oceanic hunting practices during the Middle Holocene (ca. 7,000 cal BP) in the arid coast of Taltal, northern Chile. Based on the analyses of ichthyologic remains from the Agua Dulce site we identified large-sized epipelagic fish: swordfish (Xiphias gladius), marlin (Istiophoridae), and two shark species (Notorynchus cepedianus and Galeorhinus galeus), recorded at four occupational moments of the stratigraphic sequence of the Middle Archaic in the arid coast. Similar evidence has been detected at other local contemporary sites (Zapatero, Caleta Bandurrias, Cachinales). This would imply that, since early times, coastal populations had access to new eco-anthropic spaces by means of some sort of vessel, as part of their specialized adaptive system for exploitation of marine resources. Open sea hunting of large epipelagic fish would have developed in the context of increasing social complexity of local hunter-gatherer-fisher populations.

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          Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene.

          Genetic and anatomical evidence suggests that Homo sapiens arose in Africa between 200 and 100 thousand years (kyr) ago, and recent evidence indicates symbolic behaviour may have appeared approximately 135-75 kyr ago. From 195-130 kyr ago, the world was in a fluctuating but predominantly glacial stage (marine isotope stage MIS6); much of Africa was cooler and drier, and dated archaeological sites are rare. Here we show that by approximately 164 kyr ago (+/-12 kyr) at Pinnacle Point (on the south coast of South Africa) humans expanded their diet to include marine resources, perhaps as a response to these harsh environmental conditions. The earliest previous evidence for human use of marine resources and coastal habitats was dated to approximately 125 kyr ago. Coincident with this diet and habitat expansion is an early use and modification of pigment, probably for symbolic behaviour, as well as the production of bladelet stone tool technology, previously dated to post-70 kyr ago. Shellfish may have been crucial to the survival of these early humans as they expanded their home ranges to include coastlines and followed the shifting position of the coast when sea level fluctuated over the length of MIS6.
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            Geoarchaeological Evidence from Peru for a 5000 Years B.P. Onset of El Nino

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              Pelagic fishing at 42,000 years before the present and the maritime skills of modern humans.

              By 50,000 years ago, it is clear that modern humans were capable of long-distance sea travel as they colonized Australia. However, evidence for advanced maritime skills, and for fishing in particular, is rare before the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene. Here we report remains of a variety of pelagic and other fish species dating to 42,000 years before the present from Jerimalai shelter in East Timor, as well as the earliest definite evidence for fishhook manufacture in the world. Capturing pelagic fish such as tuna requires high levels of planning and complex maritime technology. The evidence implies that the inhabitants were fishing in the deep sea.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                chungara
                Chungará (Arica)
                Chungará (Arica)
                Universidad de Tarapacá. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas. Departamento de Antropología (Arica, , Chile )
                0717-7356
                2014
                : 46
                : 2
                : 177-192
                Affiliations
                [02] San Pedro de Atacama orgnameUniversidad Católica del Norte Chile
                [01] Santiago orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Sociales orgdiv2Departamento de Antropología Chile dsalazar@ 123456uchile.cl
                Article
                S0717-73562014000200002 S0717-7356(14)04600200002
                85f93b0f-eab3-4234-860b-4b5b1a377b24

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : January 2013
                : November 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 91, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                Arqueología y Patrimonio

                Navigation,open-sea hunting,Middle Holocene,Pacific coast,ichthyologic fauna,Northern Chile,navegación,caza en alta mar,Holoceno Medio,costa Pacífica,fauna ictiológica,Norte de Chile

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