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      Síndrome de Joubert Translated title: Joubert syndrome

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          Abstract

          Resumen El síndrome de Joubert es una enfermedad multisistémica poco frecuente. Se caracteriza por una malformación congénita del tronco cerebral e hipoplasia del vermis cerebeloso. Estas alteraciones provocan, entre otros, problemas respiratorios, hipotonía y retraso del desarrollo psicomotor. Puede asociar alteraciones a nivel renal, hepático u ocular, entre otros. No existe un tratamiento curativo de la enfermedad; por ello es importante un diagnóstico precoz, para ofrecer un seguimiento multidisciplinar y así poder mejorar el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus familias.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Joubert syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. It is characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis and a malformed brain stem. These abnormalities cause signs and symptoms that include abnormal breathing patterns, hypotonia and development delay. It may associate kidney, liver or eye abnormalities. Treatment is supportive and depends on the symptoms in each person. This is why early diagnosis is so important, to offer a multidisciplinary strategy for improving the prognosis and quality of life.

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          Joubert Syndrome and related disorders

          Joubert syndrome (JS) and related disorders (JSRD) are a group of developmental delay/multiple congenital anomalies syndromes in which the obligatory hallmark is the molar tooth sign (MTS), a complex midbrain-hindbrain malformation visible on brain imaging, first recognized in JS. Estimates of the incidence of JSRD range between 1/80,000 and 1/100,000 live births, although these figures may represent an underestimate. The neurological features of JSRD include hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, abnormal eye movements, and neonatal breathing dysregulation. These may be associated with multiorgan involvement, mainly retinal dystrophy, nephronophthisis, hepatic fibrosis and polydactyly, with both inter- and intra-familial variability. JSRD are classified in six phenotypic subgroups: Pure JS; JS with ocular defect; JS with renal defect; JS with oculorenal defects; JS with hepatic defect; JS with orofaciodigital defects. With the exception of rare X-linked recessive cases, JSRD follow autosomal recessive inheritance and are genetically heterogeneous. Ten causative genes have been identified to date, all encoding for proteins of the primary cilium or the centrosome, making JSRD part of an expanding group of diseases called "ciliopathies". Mutational analysis of causative genes is available in few laboratories worldwide on a diagnostic or research basis. Differential diagnosis must consider in particular the other ciliopathies (such as nephronophthisis and Senior-Loken syndrome), distinct cerebellar and brainstem congenital defects and disorders with cerebro-oculo-renal manifestations. Recurrence risk is 25% in most families, although X-linked inheritance should also be considered. The identification of the molecular defect in couples at risk allows early prenatal genetic testing, whereas fetal brain neuroimaging may remain uninformative until the end of the second trimester of pregnancy. Detection of the MTS should be followed by a diagnostic protocol to assess multiorgan involvement. Optimal management requires a multidisciplinary approach, with particular attention to respiratory and feeding problems in neonates and infants. Cognitive and behavioral assessments are also recommended to provide young patients with adequate neuropsychological support and rehabilitation. After the first months of life, global prognosis varies considerably among JSRD subgroups, depending on the extent and severity of organ involvement.
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            The molar tooth sign is pathognomonic for Joubert syndrome!

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              MKS3/TMEM67 mutations are a major cause of COACH Syndrome, a Joubert Syndrome related disorder with liver involvement.

              The acronym COACH defines an autosomal recessive condition of Cerebellar vermis hypo/aplasia, Oligophrenia, congenital Ataxia, Coloboma and Hepatic fibrosis. Patients present the "molar tooth sign", a midbrain-hindbrain malformation pathognomonic for Joubert Syndrome (JS) and Related Disorders (JSRDs). The main feature of COACH is congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF), resulting from malformation of the embryonic ductal plate. CHF is invariably found also in Meckel syndrome (MS), a lethal ciliopathy already found to be allelic with JSRDs at the CEP290 and RPGRIP1L genes. Recently, mutations in the MKS3 gene (approved symbol TMEM67), causative of about 7% MS cases, have been detected in few Meckel-like and pure JS patients. Analysis of MKS3 in 14 COACH families identified mutations in 8 (57%). Features such as colobomas and nephronophthisis were found only in a subset of mutated cases. These data confirm COACH as a distinct JSRD subgroup with core features of JS plus CHF, which major gene is MKS3, and further strengthen gene-phenotype correlates in JSRDs. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1139-7632
                June 2021
                : 23
                : 90
                : 191-194
                Affiliations
                [1] Getafe Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario de Getafe orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría España
                [4] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario 12 de Octubre orgdiv1Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico orgdiv2Sección de Radiología Infantil España
                [2] Móstoles Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría España
                [3] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario 12 de Octubre orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría orgdiv2Sección de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica España
                Article
                S1139-76322021000200015 S1139-7632(21)02309000015
                8613ff6a-ac88-4b18-995d-446507611062

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 6, Pages: 4
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Casos clínicos en Digestivo

                Cerebelo,Elastografía,Fibrosis quística,Joubert,Cerebellum,Cystic fibrosis,Elastography

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