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      Why has farming in Europe changed? A farmers’ perspective on the development since the 1960s

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          Abstract

          Farming in Europe has been the scene of several important socio-economic and environmental developments and crises throughout the last century. Therefore, an understanding of the historical driving forces of farm change helps identifying potentials for navigating future pathways of agricultural development. However, long-term driving forces have so far been studied, e.g. in anecdotal local case studies or in systematic literature reviews, which often lack context dependency. In this study, we bridged local and continental scales by conducting 123 oral history interviews (OHIs) with elderly farmers across 13 study sites in 10 European countries. We applied a driving forces framework to systematically analyse the OHIs. We find that the most prevalent driving forces were the introduction of new technologies, developments in agricultural markets that pushed farmers for farm size enlargement and technological optimisation, agricultural policies, but also cultural aspects such as cooperation and intergenerational arrangements. However, we find considerable heterogeneity in the specific influence of individual driving forces across the study sites, implying that generic assumptions about the dynamics and impacts of European agricultural change drivers hold limited explanatory power on the local scale. Our results suggest that site-specific factors and their historical development will need to be considered when addressing the future of agriculture in Europe in a scientific or policy context.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-023-02150-y.

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          Using thematic analysis in psychology

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            A hands-on guide to doing content analysis

            There is a growing recognition for the important role played by qualitative research and its usefulness in many fields, including the emergency care context in Africa. Novice qualitative researchers are often daunted by the prospect of qualitative data analysis and thus may experience much difficulty in the data analysis process. Our objective with this manuscript is to provide a practical hands-on example of qualitative content analysis to aid novice qualitative researchers in their task.
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              Agriculture production as a major driver of the Earth system exceeding planetary boundaries

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                franziska.mohr@wsl.ch
                Journal
                Reg Environ Change
                Reg Environ Change
                Regional Environmental Change
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1436-3798
                1436-378X
                11 November 2023
                11 November 2023
                2023
                : 23
                : 4
                : 156
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.419754.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2259 5533, Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, ; Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
                [2 ]Institute of Geography, University of Bern, ( https://ror.org/02k7v4d05) Bern, Switzerland
                [3 ]Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, ( https://ror.org/04d8ztx87) Zurich, Switzerland
                [4 ]GRID grid.4818.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, Soil Geography and Landscape Group, , Wageningen University, ; Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [5 ]Environmental Geography Group, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, ( https://ror.org/008xxew50) Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [6 ]Mediterranean Institute for Nature and Anthropos, MedINA, Athens, Greece
                [7 ]NIBIO: Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, ( https://ror.org/04aah1z61) Ås, Norway
                [8 ]Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ( https://ror.org/012dxyr07) Krakow, Poland
                [9 ]Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, ( https://ror.org/03zsp3p94) Mytilene, Greece
                [10 ]Department Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, ( https://ror.org/000h6jb29) Leipzig, Germany
                [11 ]GRID grid.7468.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2248 7639, Geography Department, , Humboldt University Berlin, ; Berlin, Germany
                [12 ]Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute – Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry, and Fisheries, ( https://ror.org/00mr84n67) Brunswick, Germany
                [13 ]GRID grid.419303.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2180 9405, Institute of Geography, , Slovak Academy of Sciences, ; Bratislava, Slovakia
                [14 ]León, Spain
                [15 ]Biodiversity, Agroecology and Landscape Management Lab (UMR BAGAP), National Research Institute for Agriculture (INRAe), Rennes, 35042 France
                [16 ]Department of Geography, University of Latvia, ( https://ror.org/05g3mes96) Riga, Latvia
                Author notes

                Communicated by Wolfgang Cramer

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-7032
                Article
                2150
                10.1007/s10113-023-02150-y
                10640510
                37970329
                8632c7de-d331-4a09-b578-cdabf1f74a1c
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 7 July 2023
                : 14 October 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung;
                Award ID: CRSII5_183493
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: WSL - Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
                Categories
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023

                agricultural change,driving forces,green revolution,land management history,oral history interview

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