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      Low-Level Light Therapy Protects Red Blood Cells Against Oxidative Stress and Hemolysis During Extracorporeal Circulation

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          Abstract

          Aim: An activation of non-specific inflammatory response, coagulation disorder, and blood morphotic elements damage are the main side effects of the extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Red-to-near-infrared radiation (R/NIR) is thought to be capable of stabilizing red blood cell (RBC) membrane through increasing its resistance to destructive factors. We focused on the development of a method using low-level light therapy (LLLT) in the spectral range of R/NIR which could reduce blood trauma caused by the heart-lung machine during surgery.

          Methods: R/NIR emitter was adjusted in terms of geometry and optics to ECC circuit. The method of extracorporeal blood photobiomodulation was tested during in vivo experiments in an animal, porcine model (1 h of ECC plus 23 h of animal observation). A total of 24 sows weighing 90–100 kg were divided into two equal groups: control one and LLLT. Blood samples were taken during the experiment to determine changes in blood morphology [RBC and white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hgb)], indicators of hemolysis [plasma-free hemoglobin (PFHgb), serum bilirubin concentration, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity], and oxidative stress markers [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration, total antioxidant capacity (TAC)].

          Results: In the control group, a rapid systemic decrease in WBC count during ECC was accompanied by a significant increase in RBC membrane lipids peroxidation, while in the LLLT group the number of WBC and TBARS concentration both remained relatively constant, indicating limitation of the inflammatory process. These results were consistent with the change in the hemolysis markers like PFHgb, LDH, and serum bilirubin concentration, which were significantly reduced in LLLT group. No differences in TAC, RBC count, and Hgb concentration were detected.

          Conclusion: We presented the applicability of the LLLT with R/NIR radiation to blood trauma reduction during ECC.

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          Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay.

          R. Re, N Pellegrini, A Proteggente … (1999)
          A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
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            The clinical sequelae of intravascular hemolysis and extracellular plasma hemoglobin: a novel mechanism of human disease.

            Russell Rother, Leonard Bell, Peter Hillmen … (2005)
            The efficient sequestration of hemoglobin by the red blood cell membrane and the presence of multiple hemoglobin clearance mechanisms suggest a critical need to prevent the buildup of this molecule in the plasma. A growing list of clinical manifestations attributed to hemoglobin release in a variety of acquired and iatrogenic hemolytic disorders suggests that hemolysis and hemoglobinemia should be considered as a novel mechanism of human disease. Pertinent scientific literature databases and references were searched through October 2004 using terms that encompassed various aspects of hemolysis, hemoglobin preparations, clinical symptoms associated with plasma hemoglobin, nitric oxide in hemolysis, anemia, pulmonary hypertension, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and sickle-cell disease. Hemoglobin is released into the plasma from the erythrocyte during intravascular hemolysis in hereditary, acquired, and iatrogenic hemolytic conditions. When the capacity of protective hemoglobin-scavenging mechanisms has been saturated, levels of cell-free hemoglobin increase in the plasma, resulting in the consumption of nitric oxide and clinical sequelae. Nitric oxide plays a major role in vascular homeostasis and has been shown to be a critical regulator of basal and stress-mediated smooth muscle relaxation and vasomotor tone, endothelial adhesion molecule expression, and platelet activation and aggregation. Thus, clinical consequences of excessive cell-free plasma hemoglobin levels during intravascular hemolysis or the administration of hemoglobin preparations include dystonias involving the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and urogenital systems, as well as clotting disorders. Many of the clinical sequelae of intravascular hemolysis in a prototypic hemolytic disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, are readily explained by hemoglobin-mediated nitric oxide scavenging. A growing body of evidence supports the existence of a novel mechanism of human disease, namely, hemolysis-associated smooth muscle dystonia, vasculopathy, and endothelial dysfunction.
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              Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases.

              J. M. Mates, C Pérez-Gómez, I Núñez de Castro (1999)
              To describe the importance of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase working together in human cells against toxic reactive oxygen species, their relationship with several pathophysiologic processes and their possible therapeutic implications. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the cell growth, differentiation, progression, and death. Low concentrations of ROS may be beneficial or even indispensable in processes such as intracellular signaling and defense against micro-organisms. Nevertheless, higher amounts of ROS play a role in the aging process as well as in a number of human disease states, including cancer, ischemia, and failures in immunity and endocrine functions. As a safeguard against the accumulation of ROS, several nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities exist. Therefore, when oxidative stress arises as a consequence of a pathologic event, a defense system promotes the regulation and expression of these enzymes.
              Article 0 comments Cited 156 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Physiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Physiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Physiol.
                Title: Frontiers in Physiology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-042X
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 May 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 647
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wrocław, Poland
                [2] 2Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Research and Development Centre , Wrocław, Poland
                [3] 3Institute of Cardiology , Warsaw, Poland
                [4] 4Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
                [5] 5Medinet Heart Center Ltd. , Wrocław, Poland
                [6] 6Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
                Author notes

                Edited by: Lars Kaestner, Saarland University, Germany

                Reviewed by: Rick Huisjes, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Asta Juzeniene, Oslo University Hospital, Norway

                *Correspondence: Tomasz Walski, tomasz.walski@ 123456pwr.edu.pl

                This article was submitted to Membrane Physiology and Membrane Biophysics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00647
                PMC ID: 5991292
                PubMed ID: 29904353
                SO-VID: 864f2b1a-b082-4ac0-81d8-7375653559e9
                Copyright © Copyright © 2018 Walski, Drohomirecka, Bujok, Czerski, Wąż, Trochanowska-Pauk, Gorczykowski, Cichoń and Komorowska.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 14 February 2018
                Date accepted : 11 May 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 80, Pages: 13, Words: 0
                Categories
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology
                Keywords: cardiopulmonary bypass (cpb),low-level light therapy (lllt),red blood cell,extracorporeal circulation (ecc),near-infrared radiation (nir),heart-lung machine,hemolysis,photobiomodulation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology
                Keywords: cardiopulmonary bypass (cpb), low-level light therapy (lllt), red blood cell, extracorporeal circulation (ecc), near-infrared radiation (nir), heart-lung machine, hemolysis, photobiomodulation

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