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      Hyperreflectivity of Inner Retinal Layers as a Quantitative Parameter of Ischemic Damage in Acute Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO): An Optical Coherence Tomography Study

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To investigate the reflectivity changes of inner retinal layers in acute retinal vein occlusion (RVO) on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to correlate these values with other known parameters of acute ischemic damage.

          Patients and Methods

          In this retrospective and observational case series, 230 eyes from 115 patients with acute RVO (central or branch) were categorized as ischemic or non-ischemic depending on fluorescein angiography (FA) images at baseline. Thickness and reflectivity of selected retinal layers were measured from SD-OCT images at baseline. Reflectivity values were correlated with other parameters of acute ischemic damage (best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), retinal thickness, extent of macular edema, ischemic area on fluorescein angiography). The data were compared with contralateral eyes (controls). Prominent middle limiting membrane sign (p-MLM) was also registered.

          Results

          RVO reflectivity values differed significantly in all retinal layers compared to controls ( P<0.001). Ischemic RVO eyes had higher optical intensity values for the innermost retinal layer (IMRL; P=0.008) and inner retinal layer ( P=0.019) compared to non-ischemic cases. For all RVO eyes as well as central RVO, severity parameters like BCVA, central and total retinal thickness showed a strong correlation with the IMRL reflectivity. In branch RVO, BCVA remained significantly correlated with the IMRL reflectivity, while the thickness values showed significant correlation only for central foveal thickness in non-ischemic branch RVO type. The p-MLM was seen on OCT in 94% of the ischemic and in 66% of the non-ischemic RVO cases.

          Conclusion

          Acute RVO leads to increased reflectivity of inner retinal layers with significantly higher values in the ischemic vs non-ischemic type. Increased inner retinal layers’ reflectivity correlated significantly with BCVA, retinal thickness of separate retinal layers, as well as ischemic area on FA. Quantitative non-invasive measurement of inner retinal layers’ reflectivity might be used to determine the extent of acute ischemic retinal damage in RVO.

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          Most cited references24

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          Natural history of central retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review.

          Rachel McIntosh, Sophie L. Rogers, Lyndell Lim … (2010)
          To describe the natural history of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) based on the best available evidence from the literature. Central retinal vein occlusion is a common sight-threatening retinal vascular disease. Despite the introduction of new interventions, the natural history of CRVO is unclear. Systemic review of all English language articles retrieved using a keyword search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Current Contents, and the Cochrane Library to November 13, 2008. This was supplemented by hand-searching references of review articles published within the last 5 years. Two investigators independently identified all relevant observational studies evaluating the natural history of RVO and all clinical trials evaluating interventions for CRVO; an untreated control arm was included. Of 5966 citations retrieved, 53 studies were reviewed, providing 3271 eyes with CRVO for analysis of its natural history. Visual acuity (VA) was generally poor at baseline (<20/40) and decreased further over time. Although 6 studies reported an improvement in VA, none of these improvements resulted in VA better than 20/40. Up to 34% of eyes with nonischemic CRVO converted to ischemic CRVO over a 3-year period. In ischemic CRVO cases, neovascular glaucoma developed in at least 23% of eyes within 15 months. In nonischemic CRVO cases, macular edema resolved in approximately 30% of eyes over time, and subsequent neovascular glaucoma was rare. Untreated eyes with CRVO generally had poor VA, which declined further over time. One quarter of eyes with nonischemic CRVO converted to ischemic CRVO. Copyright 2010 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Fluorescein angiography complication survey.

            L Yannuzzi, K T Rohrer, L Tindel … (1986)
            This is a report on the results of a national survey designed to study the nature and frequency of moderate and severe complications of intravenous fluorescein angiography. In this survey, 2434 responding ophthalmologists reported on 221,781 fluorescein angiograms performed in the year 1984. Adverse reactions were classified as mild, moderate, severe, and death, depending on the duration of the effect, the necessity for medical intervention, the time required for its resolution, and the final outcome. The frequency rate for a moderate reaction was (1:63), for a severe reaction (1:1900), and for death (1:222,000). A review of previous studies on adverse reactions to the drug, a compilation of suggested methods for the amelioration and prevention of the complications, and a comparison of the responses of the general ophthalmic public to the members of The Macula Society are also reported.
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              Prevalent misconceptions about acute retinal vascular occlusive disorders.

              Sohan Hayreh (2005)
              Acute retinal vascular occlusive disorders collectively constitute one of the major causes of blindness or seriously impaired vision, and yet there is marked controversy on their pathogeneses, clinical features and particularly their management. This is because the subject is plagued by multiple misconceptions. These include that: (i) various acute retinal vascular occlusions represent a single disease; (ii) estimation of visual acuity alone provides all the information necessary to evaluate visual function; (iii) retinal venous occlusions are a single clinical entity; (iv) retinal vein occlusion is essentially a disease of the elderly and is not seen in the young; (v) central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is one disease; (vi) fluorescein fundus angiography is the best test to differentiate ischemic from nonischemic CRVO; (vii) the site of occlusion in CRVO is invariably at the lamina cribrosa; (viii) clinical picture of CRVO is often due to compression or strangulation of the central retinal vein (CRV) in the lamina cribrosa and not its occlusion; (ix) an eye can develop both CRVO and central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) simultaneously; (x) every eye with CRVO is at risk of developing neovascular glaucoma; (xi) lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) helps to improve retinal circulation in an eye with CRVO; (xii) every patient with retinal vein occlusion should have complete hematologic and coagulation evaluation; (xiii) the natural history of CRVO does not usually involve spontaneous visual improvement; (xiv) management of CRVO is similar to that of venous thrombosis anywhere else in the body, i.e. with aspirin and/or anti-coagulants; (xv) fibrinolytic agents can dissolve an organized thrombus in the CRV; (xvi) it is beneficial to lower blood pressure in patients with CRVO; (xvii) panretinal photocoagulation used in ischemic retinal venous occlusive disorders has no deleterious side-effects; (xviii) glaucoma or ocular hypertension can cause branch retinal vein occlusion; (xix) branch retinal vein occlusion can cause neovascular glaucoma; (xx) in eyes with CRAO, the artery is usually not completely occluded; (xxi) CRAO is always either embolic or thrombotic in origin; (xxii) amaurosis fugax is always due to retinal ischemia secondary to transient retinal arterial embolism; (xxiii) asymptomatic plaque(s) in retinal arteries do not require a detailed evaluation; (xxiv) retinal function can improve even when acute retinal ischemia due to CRAO has lasted for 20h or more; (xxv) CRAO, like ischemic CRVO, can result in development of ocular neovascularization; (xxvi) panretinal photocoagulation is needed for "disc neovascularization" in CRAO; (xxvii) fibrinolytic agents are the treatment of choice in CRAO; (xxviii) there is no chance of an eye with retinal arterial occlusion having spontaneous visual improvement; (xxix) absence of any abnormality on Doppler evaluation of the carotid artery or echography of the heart always rules out those sites as the source of embolism; and (xxx) absence of an embolus in the retinal artery means the occlusion was not caused by an embolus. The major cause of all these misconceptions is the lack of a proper understanding of basic scientific facts related to the various diseases. The objective of this paper is to discuss these misconceptions, based on these scientific facts, to clarify the understanding of these blinding disorders, and to place their management on a rational, scientific basis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): opth
                Journal ID (pmc): clinop
                Title: Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Print): 1177-5467
                ISSN (Electronic): 1177-5483
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 August 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 14
                Pages: 2453-2462
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH , Chemnitz 09116, Germany
                [2 ]Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitaet Dresden , Dresden, Germany
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Olga Furashova Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH , Flemmingstrasse 2, Chemnitz09116, GermanyTel +49 371 333 33230Fax +49 371 333 33223 Email fur.olga@gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1273-7005
                Article
                Publisher ID: 260000
                DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S260000
                PMC ID: 7457850
                PubMed ID: 32921978
                SO-VID: 866cb147-a640-4b35-b7ac-942fb72b9f99
                Copyright © © 2020 Furashova and Matthè.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 01 May 2020
                Date accepted : 03 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 16, References: 26, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: retinal vein occlusion,optical coherence tomography,retinal layers’ reflectivity,acute retinal ischemia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: retinal vein occlusion, optical coherence tomography, retinal layers’ reflectivity, acute retinal ischemia

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