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      Candida accommodates non-culturable Helicobacter pylori in its vacuole - Koch’s postulates aren’t applicable

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          Abstract

          The following are the responses to the “letter to the editor” (“ Helicobacter is preserved in yeast vacuoles! Does Koch’s postulates confirm it?”) authored by Nader Alipour and Nasrin Gaeini that rejected the methods, results, discussions and conclusions summarized in the review article authored by Siavoshi F and Saniee P. In the article, 7 papers, published between 1998 and 2013, were reviewed. The 7 papers had been reviewed and judged very carefully by the assigned expertise of the journals involved, including the reviewers of the World Journal of Gastroenterology ( WJG), before publication. In the review article, 121 references were used to verify the methods, results and discussions of these 7 papers. The review article was edited by the trustworthy British editor of the ( WJG), and the final version was rechecked and finally accepted by the reviewers of ( WJG). None of the reviewers made comments like those in this “letter to the editor”, especially the humorous comments, which seem unprofessional and nonscientific. Above all, the authors’ comments show a lack of understanding of basic and advanced microbiology, e.g. bacterial endosymbiosis in eukaryotic cells. Accordingly, their comments all through the letter contain misconceptions. The comments are mostly based on personal conclusions, without any scientific support. It would have been beneficial if the letter had been reviewed by the reviewers of the article by Siavoshi and Saniee.

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          Most cited references25

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          An obligately endosymbiotic mycorrhizal fungus itself harbors obligately intracellular bacteria.

          Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi are obligate endosymbionts that colonize the roots of almost 80% of land plants. This paper describes the employment of a combined morphological and molecular approach to demonstrate that the cytoplasm of the arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita harbors a further bacterial endosymbiont. Intracytoplasmic bacterium-like organisms (BLOs) were detected ultrastructurally in its spores and germinating and symbiotic mycelia. Morphological observations with a fluorescent stain revealed about 250,000 live bacteria inside each spore. The sequence for the small-subunit rRNA gene obtained for the BLOs from the spores was compared with those for representatives of the eubacterial lineages. Molecular phylogenetic analysis unambiguously showed that the endosymbiont of G. margarita was an rRNA group II pseudomanad (genus Burkholderia). PCR assays with specifically designed oligonucleotides were used to check that the sequence came from the BLOs. Successful amplification was obtained when templates from both the spores and the symbiotic mycelia were used. A band of the expected length was also obtained from spores of a Scutellospora sp. No bands were given by the negative controls. These findings indicate that mycorrhizal systems can include plant, fungal, and bacterial cells.
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            The origin of nuclei and of eukaryotic cells.

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              Geosiphon pyriforme, a fungus forming endocytobiosis with Nostoc (cyanobacteria), is an ancestral member of the Glomales: evidence by SSU rRNA analysis.

              Geosiphon pyriforme inhabiting the surface of humid soils represents the only known example of endocytobiosis between a fungus (Zygomycotina; macrosymbiont) and cyanobacteria (Nostoc; endosymbiont). In order to elucidate the taxonomical and evolutionary relationship of Geosiphon pyriforme to fungi forming arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM fungi), the small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA genes of Geosiphon pyriforme and Glomus versiforme (Glomales; a typical AM fungus) were analyzed and aligned with SSU rRNA sequences of several Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, and Zygomycetes, together with all AM-fungal (Glomales) sequences published yet. The distinct group of the order Glomales, which includes Geosiphon, does not form a clade with any other group of Zygomycetes. Within the Glomales, two main lineages exist. One includes the families Gigasporaceae and Acaulosporaceae; the other one is represented by the genus Glomus, the members of which are very divergent. Glomus etunicatum and Geosiphon pyriforme both form independent lineages ancestral to the Glomales. The data provided by the present paper confirm clearly that Geosiphon represents a fungus belonging to the Glomales. The question remains still open as to whether or not Geosiphon is to be placed within or outside the genus Glomus, since this genus is probably polyphyletic and not well defined yet. Geosiphon shows the ability of a Glomus-like fungus to form a "primitive" symbiosis with a unicellular photoautotrophic organism, in this case a cyanobacterium, leading to the conclusion that a hypothetical association of a Glomus-like fungus with a green alga as a step during the evolution of the land plants appears probable.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                World J Gastroenterol
                World J. Gastroenterol
                WJG
                World Journal of Gastroenterology
                Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
                1007-9327
                2219-2840
                14 January 2018
                14 January 2018
                : 24
                : 2
                : 310-314
                Affiliations
                Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran. siavoshi@ 123456khayam.ut.ac.ir
                Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran 19839-4716, Iran
                Author notes

                Author contributions: Siavoshi F and Saniee P contributed equally to the literature review and writing of this letter.

                Correspondence to: Farideh Siavoshi, PhD, Associate Professor, Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Enghelab Avenue, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran. siavoshi@ 123456khayam.ut.ac.ir

                Telephone: + 98-21-61112460 Fax: +98-21-66492992

                Article
                jWJG.v24.i2.pg310
                10.3748/wjg.v24.i2.310
                5768950
                29375217
                86b042c7-6f7f-4063-8718-31e17feed033
                ©The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

                This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

                History
                : 10 November 2017
                : 8 December 2017
                : 13 December 2017
                Categories
                Letters To The Editor

                helicobacter pylori,intracellular occurrence,candida yeast,16s rdna detection

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