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      ICE PATCH HUNTING IN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, USA: WOOD SHAFTS, CHIPPED STONE PROJECTILE POINTS, AND BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS)

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      American Antiquity
      Cambridge University Press (CUP)

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          Abstract

          Ice patches and the alpine are important elements of the sociocultural landscape of the Greater Yellowstone Area, and they transcend the jurisdictional boundaries that divide the lands on which they occur. The ice patch record complements traditional sources of archaeological knowledge through the addition of well-dated organic artifacts, such as shafts from hunting tools, recovered in a readily recognizable context. This paper examines the types of wood used in the manufacture of hunting implements recovered at Greater Yellowstone Area ice patches through the analysis of nine unique wooden shafts and shaft fragments from five sites. Five shafts are birch ( Betula spp.), two are willow ( Salix spp.), one is fir ( Abies sp.), and one is pine ( Pinus sp.). The shafts included in this analysis range in age from 9230 ± 25 B.P. to 215 ± 20 B.P. Diagnostic Oxbow and Pelican Lake chipped stone projectile points recovered in association with ice patches provide additional temporal resolution regarding use of these features. One of the four sites that yielded wooden shafts contains a record of bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis) hunting between 3885 ± 25 B.P. and 879 ± 23 B.P.

          Abstract

          Las zonas de hielo y de alta elevación son elementos importantes del paisaje sociocultural del entorno de Yellowstone, en el noroeste de Wyoming, Estados Unidos, y trascienden los límites jurídicos de las tierras en las que ocurren. El registro de las zonas de hielo complementa las fuentes tradicionales de conocimientos arqueológicos gracias a la adición de artefactos orgánicos bien fechados, como por ejemplo los mangos de herramientas de caza recuperados de un contexto inmediatamente reconocible. Este trabajo examina los tipos de madera utilizados en la fabricación de herramientas de caza recuperadas en la región alrededor de Yellowstone por medio del análisis de nueve mangos de madera completos o fragmentados provenientes de cinco sitios. Cinco de los mangos encontrados están hechos de abedul ( Betula spp.), dos son de sauce ( Salix spp.), uno es de picea o conífero ( Abies sp.), y el otro es de pino ( Pinus sp.). Los mangos incluidos en éste análisis fluctúan en edad entre 9230 25 a.P. y 215 20 a.P. Fragmentos diagnósticos de puntas líticas Oxbow y Pelican Lake asociados a los glaciares dan una idea más completa del periodo cuando estos lugares fueron ocupados. Uno de los cuatro sitios donde se recuperaron estas puntas de herramientas de madera contiene evidencia de caza de borrego cimarrón ( Ovis canadensis) entre 3885 a.P. y 879 23 a.P.

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          Most cited references19

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          The Optimal Design of Hunting Weapons: Maintainability or Reliability

          Design engineers share archaeologists' interest in material culture, but unlike archaeologists, engineers have developed concepts for determining the suitability of technical systems to perform specific tasks. Given the difficulty archaeologists face in developing theories of material culture, I suggest that guiding principles of engineering design offer potentially useful insights.
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            A continuous climatic impact on Holocene human population in the Rocky Mountains.

            Ancient cultural changes have often been linked to abrupt climatic events, but the potential that climate can exert a persistent influence on human populations has been debated. Here, independent population, temperature, and moisture history reconstructions from the Bighorn Basin in Wyoming (United States) show a clear quantitative relationship spanning 13 ka, which explains five major periods of population growth/decline and ~45% of the population variance. A persistent ~300-y lag in the human demographic response conforms with either slow (~0.3%) intrinsic annual population growth rates or a lag in the environmental carrying capacity, but in either case, the population continuously adjusted to changing environmental conditions.
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              The Emerging Archaeology of Glaciers and Ice Patches: Examples from Alaska's Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve

              Melting and retreating glaciers and ice patches (aniuvat) have revealed frozen archaeological remains on several continents, including North America. Artifacts from these sites provide information about high-latitude and high-altitude human adaptations and unique insights into prehistoric material culture. A Geographic Information System (GIS) model, “Modeling Archaeological Potential of Ice and Snow,” or MAPIS, is being developed to focus aerial reconnaissance and pedestrian survey for archaeological and paleontological site discovery over vast areas containing glaciers and ice patches. Two field surveys in Alaska's Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve refined the MAPIS model and documented historic and prehistoric artifacts on the surface of recently melted glaciers and aniuvat. Because thawed and exposed organic artifacts decompose or are destroyed soon after exposure, there is an urgent need to locate and preserve them before they are lost forever.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                applab
                American Antiquity
                Am. Antiq.
                Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                0002-7316
                2325-5064
                April 2017
                March 21 2017
                : 82
                : 02
                : 223-243
                Article
                10.1017/aaq.2016.32
                86b9d956-950e-48aa-8dc8-f2d1773193a3
                © 2017
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