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      Sex‐ and time‐specific parental effects of warming on reproduction and offspring quality in a coral reef fish

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          Abstract

          Global warming can disrupt reproduction or lead to fewer and poorer quality offspring, owing to the thermally sensitive nature of reproductive physiology. However, phenotypic plasticity may enable some animals to adjust the thermal sensitivity of reproduction to maintain performance in warmer conditions. Whether elevated temperature affects reproduction may depend on the timing of exposure to warming and the sex of the parent exposed. We exposed male and female coral reef damselfish ( Acanthochromis polyacanthus) during development, reproduction or both life stages to an elevated temperature (+1.5°C) consistent with projected ocean warming and measured reproductive output and newly hatched offspring performance relative to pairs reared in a present‐day control temperature. We found female development in elevated temperature increased the probability of breeding, but reproduction ceased if warming continued to the reproductive stage, irrespective of the male's developmental experience. Females that developed in warmer conditions, but reproduced in control conditions, also produced larger eggs and hatchlings with greater yolk reserves. By contrast, male development or pairs reproducing in higher temperature produced fewer and poorer quality offspring. Such changes may be due to alterations in sex hormones or an endocrine stress response. In nature, this could mean female fish developing during a marine heatwave may have enhanced reproduction and produce higher quality offspring compared with females developing in a year of usual thermal conditions. However, male development during a heatwave would likely result in reduced reproductive output. Furthermore, the lack of reproduction from an average increase in temperature could lead to population decline. Our results demonstrate how the timing of exposure differentially influences females and males and how this translates to effects on reproduction and population sustainability in a warming world.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                rachel.spinks@my.jcu.edu.au
                Journal
                Evol Appl
                Evol Appl
                10.1111/(ISSN)1752-4571
                EVA
                Evolutionary Applications
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1752-4571
                13 January 2021
                April 2021
                : 14
                : 4 ( doiID: 10.1111/eva.v14.4 )
                : 1145-1158
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
                [ 2 ] Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia
                [ 3 ] Marine Climate Change Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Kunigami‐gun Japan
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Rachel K. Spinks, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Douglas 4811, QLD, Australia.

                Email: rachel.spinks@ 123456my.jcu.edu.au

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8346-784X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9950-465X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-2498
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0039-5300
                Article
                EVA13187
                10.1111/eva.13187
                8061261
                33897826
                86d0cb7d-1ab0-461a-9d7d-dc3822e5cd0d
                © 2020 The Authors. Evolutionary Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 03 December 2020
                : 20 July 2020
                : 10 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Pages: 14, Words: 11718
                Funding
                Funded by: Sea World Research and Rescue Foundation , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100009034;
                Funded by: ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies
                Funded by: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100004052;
                Award ID: CRG3 2278
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                April 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.2 mode:remove_FC converted:22.04.2021

                Evolutionary Biology
                climate change,developmental plasticity,maternal effects,paternal effects,phenotypic plasticity,timing of exposure

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