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      Food Insecurity and Transmission Risks Among People with HIV Who Use Substances

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          Abstract

          Food insecurity (FI) impacts people with HIV (PWH) and those who use substances (i.e. drugs and alcohol). We evaluated the longitudinal association between FI and HIV transmission risks (unprotected sexual contacts and shared needles/syringes). Among 351 PWH who use substances in Russia, 51.6% reported FI and 37.0% past month injection drug use. The mean number of unprotected sexual contacts in the past 90 days was 13.4 (SD 30.1); 9.7% reported sharing needles/syringes in the past month. We did not find a significant association between mild/moderate FI (adjusted IRR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.47, 1.61) or severe FI (aIRR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.46, 1.54; global p = 0.85) and unprotected sexual contacts. We observed a significant association between severe FI and sharing needles/syringes in the past month (adjusted OR = 3.27, 95% CI 1.45, 7.39; p = 0.004), but not between mild/moderate FI and sharing needles/syringes in the past month (aOR = 1.40,95% CI 0.58, 3.38; p = 0.45). These findings suggest that severe FI could be a potential target for interventions to lower HIV transmission.

          Resumen

          La inseguridad alimentaria (IF) afecta a las personas que viven con VIH (PVV y a personas con abuso desustancias (.ej. drogas y alcohol). Evaluamos la asociación longitudinal entre la IF y los riesgos de transmisión del VIH (relaciones sexuales sin protección y agujas/jeringas compartidas). Entre 351 PVVcon abuso de sustancias en Rusia, el 51,6% reportó FI y el 37,0% consumió drogas intravenosas en el último mes. El promedio de contactos sexuales sin protección en los últimos 90 días fue de 13,4 (DE 30,1); el 9,7% informó haber compartido agujas/jeringas en el último mes. No encontramos una asociación significativa entre IF leve/moderada (IRR ajustada = 0,87, IC 95% = 0,47, 1,61) o IF grave (IRRa = 0,84, IC 95% = 0,46, 1,54; p global = 0,85) y relaciones sexuales sin protección. Observamos una asociación significativa entre IF grave y compartir agujas/jeringas en el último mes (OR ajustado = 3,27, IC 95% = 1,45, 7,39; p = 0,004), pero no entre IF leve/moderada y compartir agujas/jeringas en el último mes (ORa = 1,40, IC 95% = 0,58, 3,38; p = 0,45). Estos hallazgos sugieren que la IF grave podría ser un enfoque para intervenciones que buscan reducir la transmisión del VIH.

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          Most cited references95

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          Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems

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            Conceptual framework for understanding the bidirectional links between food insecurity and HIV/AIDS.

            Food insecurity, which affects >1 billion people worldwide, is inextricably linked to the HIV epidemic. We present a conceptual framework of the multiple pathways through which food insecurity and HIV/AIDS may be linked at the community, household, and individual levels. Whereas the mechanisms through which HIV/AIDS can cause food insecurity have been fairly well elucidated, the ways in which food insecurity can lead to HIV are less well understood. We argue that there are nutritional, mental health, and behavioral pathways through which food insecurity leads to HIV acquisition and disease progression. Specifically, food insecurity can lead to macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, which can affect both vertical and horizontal transmission of HIV, and can also contribute to immunologic decline and increased morbidity and mortality among those already infected. Food insecurity can have mental health consequences, such as depression and increased drug abuse, which, in turn, contribute to HIV transmission risk and incomplete HIV viral load suppression, increased probability of AIDS-defining illness, and AIDS-related mortality among HIV-infected individuals. As a result of the inability to procure food in socially or personally acceptable ways, food insecurity also contributes to risky sexual practices and enhanced HIV transmission, as well as to antiretroviral therapy nonadherence, treatment interruptions, and missed clinic visits, which are strong determinants of worse HIV health outcomes. More research on the relative importance of each of these pathways is warranted because effective interventions to reduce food insecurity and HIV depend on a rigorous understanding of these multifaceted relationships.
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              Food insecurity and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

              Objective: Food security has been suggested to be a risk factor for depression, stress and anxiety. We therefore undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of available publications to examine these associations further. Design: Relevant studies were identified by searching Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and PubMed databases up to January 2019. Setting: OR was pooled using a random-effects model. Standard methods were used for assessment of heterogeneity and publication bias. Participants: Data were available from nineteen studies with 372 143 individual participants from ten different countries that were pooled for the meta-analysis. Results: The results showed there was a positive relationship between food insecurity (FI) and risk of depression (OR = 1·40; 95 % CI: 1·30, 1·58) and stress (OR = 1·34; 95 % CI: 1·24, 1·44) but not anxiety. Subgroup analysis by age showed that subjects older than ≥65 years exhibited a higher risk of depression (OR = 1·75; 95 % CI: 1·20, 2·56) than younger participants (OR = 1·34; 95 % CI: 1·20, 1·50), as well as a greater risk of depression in men (OR = 1·42; 95 % CI: 1·17, 1·72) than women (OR = 1·30; 95 % CI: 1·16, 1·46). Finally, subgroup analysis according to geographical location illustrated that food insecure households living in North America had the highest risk of stress and anxiety. Conclusions: The evidence from this meta-analysis suggests that FI has a significant effect on the likelihood of being stressed or depressed. This indicates that health care services, which alleviate FI, would also promote holistic well-being in adults.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                bidrisov@gmail.com
                Journal
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS and Behavior
                Springer US (New York )
                1090-7165
                1573-3254
                21 January 2023
                : 1-14
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411540.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0436 3958, Bashkir State Medical University, ; Ufa, Russia
                [2 ]GRID grid.34477.33, ISNI 0000000122986657, Department of Health Systems and Population Health, , University of Washington, ; 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7660 USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.239424.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 6745, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, , Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, ; Boston, MA USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.189504.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, School of Medicine, , Boston University, ; Boston, MA USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.189504.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, Department of Biostatistics, , Boston University School of Public Health, ; Boston, MA USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.412460.5, Lab of Clinical Pharmacology of Addictions, , Pavlov University, ; St. Petersburg, Russia
                [7 ]V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
                [8 ]GRID grid.189504.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC), , Boston University School of Public Health, ; Boston, MA USA
                [9 ]GRID grid.266102.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2297 6811, School of Medicine, , University of California San Francisco, ; San Francisco, CA USA
                [10 ]GRID grid.189504.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, Department of Community Health Sciences, , Boston University School of Public Health, ; Boston, MA USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-2572
                Article
                3965
                10.1007/s10461-022-03965-2
                9859749
                36670209
                871a7081-21fe-4943-98fd-625f66579510
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 16 December 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026, National Institute on Drug Abuse;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000027, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism;
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                food insecurity,hiv,substance use,eastern europe
                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                food insecurity, hiv, substance use, eastern europe

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