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      Contemporary patient-tailored treatment strategies against high risk and relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma

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          Abstract

          Recurrence of disease due to chemotherapy drug resistance remains a major obstacle to a more successful survival outcome of multiple myeloma (MM). Overcoming drug resistance and salvaging patients with relapsed and/or refractory (R/R) MM is an urgent and unmet medical need. Several new personalized treatment strategies have been developed against molecular targets to overcome this drug resistance. There are several targeted therapeutics with anti-MM activity in clinical pipeline, including inhibitors of anti-apoptotic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, fusion proteins, and various cell therapy platforms. For example, B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-specific CAR-T cell platforms showed promising activity in heavily pretreated R/R MM patients. Therefore, there is renewed hope for high-risk as well as R/R MM patients in the era of personalized medicine.

          Highlights

          • The therapeutic landscape for MM is rapidly evolving in the era of personalized medicine

          • New treatment strategies have markedly improved the survival of MM patients and caused a paradigm shift in therapy

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          Most cited references52

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          Genomic complexity of multiple myeloma and its clinical implications

          In the past 5 years, results from large-scale whole-exome sequencing studies have brought new insight into the clonal heterogeneity and evolution of multiple myeloma, a genetically complex disease. Herein, the authors describe the driver gene alterations and sequential acquisition of the main genomic aberrations involved in this disease, with a focus on the clonal heterogeneity of multiple myeloma and its clinical implications.
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            Curing myeloma at last: defining criteria and providing the evidence.

            Does the dogma that multiple myeloma is incurable still hold?. The genomic chaos and resulting resistance to apoptosis of myeloma, long considered an obstacle to cure, formed the basis of Total Therapy (TT) program. The TT approach uses all myeloma-active drugs upfront to target drug-resistant subclones during initial treatment to prevent later relapse. Long-term follow-up of 1202 patients (TT1: n = 231, median follow-up: 21 years; TT2: 668, median follow-up: 12 years; TT3a: n = 303, median follow-up: 9 years) permitted investigation of whether progression-free survival (PFS) and complete response (CR) duration were consistent with curability, ie observation of plateaus in Kaplan-Meier plots for PFS and CR duration. In the subset of 627 patients with plasma cell gene expression profiling data, cure plateaus were apparent at 5 years in the 14% with high-risk myeloma compared with 10 years in the remainder with low-risk disease. A parametric model based on PFS and CR duration supported an increase in curability: 10-year PFS and CR estimates increased from 8.8%/17.9% in TT1 to 15.5%/28.2% in TT2's control arm to 25.1%/35.6% in TT2's thalidomide arm and to 32.9%/48.8% in TT3a. Toward developing novel therapies, we recommend a concerted focus on patients with high-risk myeloma whose outcome has not been advanced.
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              Elotuzumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: Extended 4‐year follow‐up and analysis of relative progression‐free survival from the randomized ELOQUENT‐2 trial

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                EBioMedicine
                EBioMedicine
                EBioMedicine
                Elsevier
                2352-3964
                10 December 2018
                January 2019
                10 December 2018
                : 39
                : 612-620
                Affiliations
                [a ]Immuno-Oncology Program, Ares Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, MN 55110, USA
                [b ]Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine (USC KSOM), Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
                [c ]Bioinformatics Program, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Avenue, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
                [d ]Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Cebeci, 6590 Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
                [e ]Department of Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Ares Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, MN 55110, USA. fatih.uckun@ 123456aresmit.com
                Article
                S2352-3964(18)30575-9
                10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.004
                6354702
                30545798
                8741d87b-2f2c-45b0-a734-0c786e412d17
                © 2018 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 October 2018
                : 4 December 2018
                : 4 December 2018
                Categories
                Review

                personalized medicine,multiple myeloma,stem cell transplantation,immuno-oncology,immunotherapy,biotherapy

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