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      Human Noroviruses in Swine and Cattle

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          Abstract

          Detection of GII.4 norovirus sequences in animal fecal samples and retail meats demonstrates that noroviruses may be transmitted zoonotically.

          Abstract

          Human noroviruses are the predominant cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Strains of norovirus also exist that are uniquely associated with animals; their contribution to the incidence of human illness remains unclear. We tested animal fecal samples and identified GIII (bovine), GII.18 (swine), and GII.4 (human) norovirus sequences, demonstrating for the first time, to our knowledge, that GII.4-like strains can be present in livestock. In addition, we detected GII.4-like noroviral RNA from a retail meat sample. This finding highlights a possible route for indirect zoonotic transmission of noroviruses through the food chain.

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          Most cited references31

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          TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers.

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            Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus.

            Human infection with an avian influenza A virus (subtype H5N1) was reported recently in Hong Kong. We describe the clinical presentation of the first 12 patients and options for rapid viral diagnosis. Case notes of 12 patients with virus-culture-confirmed influenza A H5N1 infection were analysed. The clinical presentation and risk factors associated with severe disease were defined and the results of methods for rapid virus diagnosis were compared. Patients ranged from 1 to 60 years of age. Clinical presentation was that of an influenza-like illness with evidence of pneumonia in seven patients. All seven patients older than 13 years had severe disease (four deaths), whereas children 5 years or younger had mild symptoms with the exception of one who died with Reye's syndrome associated with intake of aspirin. Gastrointestinal manifestations, raised liver enzymes, renal failure unrelated to rhabdomyolysis, and pancytopenia were unusually prominent. Factors associated with severe disease included older age, delay in hospitalisation, lower-respiratory-tract involvement, and a low total peripheral white blood cell count or lymphopenia at admission. An H5-specific reverse-transcription PCR assay (RT-PCR) was useful for rapid detection of virus directly in respiratory specimens. A commercially available enzyme immunoassay was more sensitive than direct immunofluorescence for rapid viral diagnosis. Direct immunofluorescence with an H5-specific monoclonal antibody pool was useful for rapid exclusion of H5-subtype infection. Avian Influenza A H5N1 virus causes human influenza-like illness with a high rate of complications in adults admitted to hospital. Rapid H5-subtype-specific laboratory diagnosis can be made by RT-PCR applied directly to clinical specimens.
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              Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein.

              Norwalk virus capsid protein was produced by expression of the second and third open reading frames of the Norwalk virus genome, using a cell-free translation system and baculovirus recombinants. Analysis of the expressed products showed that the second open reading frame encodes a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 58,000 (58K protein) and that this protein self-assembles to form empty viruslike particles similar to native capsids in size and appearance. The antigenicity of these particles was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of paired serum samples from volunteers who developed illness following Norwalk virus challenge. These particles also induced high levels of Norwalk virus-specific serum antibody in laboratory animals following parenteral inoculation. A minor 34K protein was also found in infected insect cells. Amino acid sequence analysis of the N terminus of the 34K protein indicated that the 34K protein was a cleavage product of the 58K protein. The availability of large amounts of recombinant Norwalk virus particles will allow the development of rapid, sensitive, and reliable tests for the diagnosis of Norwalk virus infection as well as the implementation of structural studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Emerg Infect Dis
                EID
                Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                1080-6040
                1080-6059
                August 2007
                : 13
                : 8
                : 1184-1188
                Affiliations
                [* ]Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
                []Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
                []University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Kirsten Mattison, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir F.G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, P/L 2204A2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9; email: kirsten_mattison@ 123456hc-sc.gc.ca
                Article
                07-0005
                10.3201/eid1308.070005
                2828081
                17953089
                87647201-57d3-416d-bdc0-ea21c68c88f3
                History
                Categories
                Research

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                gastroenteritis,zoonoses,research,food microbiology,norovirus
                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                gastroenteritis, zoonoses, research, food microbiology, norovirus

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