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      An updated review of Terminalia catappa

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          Abstract

          Terminalia catappa Linn. is known for its nutritional fruit and possesses medicinal benefits as well. This is a comprehensive review of the phytoconstituents and pharmacological benefits. T. catappa has been recognized for its medicinally essential phytoconstituents, such as phenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid. Numerous pharmacological investigations have confirmed this plant's ability to exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activities, all of which support its traditional uses.

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          Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia catappa Linn fruits.

          Girish N Rao, J. B. Singh, A. N. Nagappa … (2003)
          In view of alleged antidiabetic potential, effect of the petroleum ether, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Terminalia catappa Linn (combretaceae) fruit, on fasting blood sugar levels and serum biochemical analysis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated. All the three extracts of Terminalia catappa produced a significant antidiabetic activity at dose levels 1/5 of their lethal doses. Concurrent histological studies of the pancreas of these animals showed comparable regeneration by methanolic and aqueous extracts which were earlier, necrosed by alloxan.
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            Antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions of medicinal herb, Terminalia catappa L. from Okinawa Island and its tannin corilagin.

            S Nakama, Y Aniya, T Ichiba … (2007)
            The antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions of Terminalia catappa L. collected from Okinawa Island were evaluated in vitro and in vivo using leaves extract and isolated antioxidants. A water extract of the leaves of T. catappa showed a strong radical scavenging action for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide (O(2)(.-)) anion. Chebulagic acid and corilagin were isolated as the active components from T. catappa. Both antioxidants showed a strong scavenging action for O(2)(.-) and peroxyl radicals and also inhibited reactive oxygen species production from leukocytes stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate acetate. Galactosamine (GalN, 600 mg/kg, s.c.,) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 microg/kg, i.p.)-induced hepatotoxicity of rats as seen by an elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities was significantly reduced when the herb extract or corilagin was given intraperitoneally to rats prior to GalN/LPS treatment. Increase of free radical formation and lipid peroxidation in mitochondria caused by GalN/LPS treatment were also decreased by pretreatment with the herb/corilagin. In addition, apoptotic events such as DNA fragmentation and the increase in caspase-3 activity in the liver observed with GalN/LPS treatment were prevented by the pretreatment with the herb/corilagin. These results show that the extract of T. catappa and its antioxidant, corilagin are protective against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury through suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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              Tannin-rich fraction from Terminalia catappa inhibits quorum sensing (QS) in Chromobacterium violaceum and the QS-controlled biofilm maturation and LasA staphylolytic activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

              Joemar C Taganna, Jusal Quanico, Rose Perono … (2011)
              The study aimed to test the activity of Terminalia catappa L. against bacterial quorum sensing (QS) in order to provide a potential scientific basis for the traditional use of leaf extracts of this plant as an antiseptic. The anti-QS activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Terminalia catappa was detected through the inhibition of the QS-controlled violacein pigment production in Chromobacterium violaceum. Fractions resulting from size-exclusion chromatography were assayed. The most active fraction was characterized through qualitative phytochemical detection methods. The effect of this fraction on known QS-controlled phenotypes in test strains was assessed. The fraction with the highest activity (labeled as TCF12) was characterized to be tannin-rich. It specifically inhibited QS-controlled violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum with 50% reduction achieved at 62.5 μg mL(-1) without significantly affecting growth up to about 962 μg mL(-1). The assessment of its effects on LasA activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 found that the production of this virulence determinant is reduced in a concentration dependent manner with about 50% reduction at 62.5 μg mL(-1). Furthermore, it was found that TCF12 was able to inhibit the maturation of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a phenotype that has also been known to be QS-regulated. Therefore, tannin-rich components of Terminalia catappa leaves are able to inhibit certain phenotypic expression of QS in the test strains used. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmacogn Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pharmacogn Rev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PRev
                Title: Pharmacognosy Reviews
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0973-7847
                ISSN (Electronic): 0976-2787
                Publication date (Print): Jul-Dec 2015
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 18
                Pages: 93-98
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Science and Humanities, MIET Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli, India
                [1 ] Department of Biochemistry, MIET Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli, India
                [2 ] Department of Biochemistry, Kanchi Shri Krishna College of Arts and Science, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. A. Vijaya Anand, Department of Science and Humanties, MIET Engineering College, Gundur, Tiruchirappalli - 620 007, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: avamiet@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: PRev-9-93
                DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.162103
                PMC ID: 4557241
                PubMed ID: 26392705
                SO-VID: 876cfd0d-2c8e-49ac-85cb-26809d634e1b
                Copyright © Copyright: © Pharmacognosy Reviews
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 24 September 2014
                Date revision received : 03 November 2014
                Date accepted : 04 August 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: anticancer,antidiabetic,antioxidant,hepatoprotective,terminalia catappa
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, terminalia catappa

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