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      A profile analysis of post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among Chinese Shidu parents Translated title: Un análisis de perfil del trastorno de estrés postraumático y de los sίntomas de depresiόn entre los padres shidu chinos Translated title: 中国失独父母创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症状的潜在剖面分析

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      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Shidu parents, PTSD, depressive symptoms, perceived social support, latent profile analysis, Padres shidu, TEPT, síntomas depresivos, apoyo social, análisis de perfil latente, 失独父母, PTSD, 抑郁, 领悟社会支持, 潜在剖面分析, • Three patterns of PTSD and depressive symptoms profiles were found among Chinese Shidu parents: low (39.4%), moderate (32.8%), and high (27.8%).• Within each profile the severity of PTSD and depressive symptoms tightly cohered.• Younger age and perceived lower levels of social support were predictors of distinct profiles.• The current study provides valuable information for the development of tailored professional interventions for bereaved parents.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background

          Due to the one-child policy implemented in China, most families have only one child. When parents experience the death of their only child, these parents receive the label ‘Shidu parents’. Shidu is a major public health issue in China. However, the patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms that are present in this population remain unclear.

          Objective

          This study aims to identify profiles of PTSD and depressive symptoms among Shidu parents and to explore the predictors of profile membership.

          Methods

          A total of 363 participants ( M age = 61.5 years, SD = 7.5) were asked to complete questionnaires assessing PTSD, depressive symptoms, perceived social support, and demographic information. Latent profile analyses and multivariate logistic regressions were used.

          Results

          Three distinct profiles were identified: low (39.4%), moderate (32.8%), and high symptoms (27.8%). Parents who were younger and perceived lower levels of support from family and significant others were more likely to experience higher levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms.

          Conclusions

          These results indicate that the severity of PTSD and depressive symptoms tightly cohere, providing evidence for the co-occurrence of PTSD and depressive symptoms after bereavement. The findings provide valuable information for the development of tailored professional interventions for bereaved parents.

          Antecedentes: Debido a la política de un hijo implementada en China, la mayoría de las familias tienen sólo un hijo. Cuando los padres experimentan la muerte de su único hijo, estos padres reciben la etiqueta de ‘padres shidu’. Shidu es un gran problema de salud pública en China. Sin embargo, los patrones del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y de los síntomas de depresión que se presentan en esta población no están claros.

          Objetivo: Este estudio busca identificar los perfiles del TEPT y de los síntomas depresivos entre los padres shidu y explorar los predictores de la pertenencia al perfil.

          Método: Se le solicitó a un total de 363 participantes ( M edad = 61.5 años, DE = 7.5) que completaran cuestionarios para evaluar TEPT, síntomas depresivos, apoyo social, e información demográfica. Se usaron análisis de perfil latente y regresiones logísticas multivariadas.

          Resultados: Tres perfiles distintivos fueron identificados: síntomas bajos (39.4%), moderados (32.8%), y altos (27.8%). Los padres que eran más jóvenes y que reportaron niveles más bajos de apoyo desde la familia y otros tenían más probabilidades de experimentar altos niveles de TEPT y síntomas depresivos.

          Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que la severidad del TEPT y los síntomas depresivos coinciden estrechamente, proporcionando evidencia para la co-occurrencia del TEPT y los síntomas depresivos luego de la pérdida. Los hallazgos proveen información valiosa para el desarrollo de intervenciones profesionales a la medida para los padres en duelo.

          背景: 子女的死亡是丧亲事件里最有毁灭性的重大创伤事件。与其他国家相比, 中国独生子女政策提高了失独父母比例。在中国, 失独已成为重要的公共卫生问题。尽管已有的研究探讨了失独父母的心理健康状况, 但目前仍缺乏失独父母创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症状的潜在类别及相关因素研究。

          目的: 本文旨在探讨失独父母创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症状的潜在类别及其相关因素。

          方法: 以365名失独父母( M= 61.5岁, SD = 7.5)为研究对象, 采集了其创伤后应激障碍, 抑郁症状, 领悟社会支持和人口学信息, 并进行潜在剖面分析和逻辑回归分析。

          结果: 本研究发现了失独父母创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症状的三个潜在类别:低症状组(39.4%), 中度症状组(32.8%)和高症状组(27.8%)。年龄较小, 来自家庭和他人的社会支持水平较低的失独父母更容易表现出较高水平的创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症状。

          结论: 结果表明, 失独后的创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症状紧密相关。研究结果为制定针对失独父母的专业干预措施提供了科学依据。

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          Most cited references44

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          Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale).

          We derived and tested a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for reliability and validity among a sample of well older adults in a large Health Maintenance Organization. The 10-item screening questionnaire, the CESD-10, showed good predictive accuracy when compared to the full-length 20-item version of the CES-D (kappa = .97, P or = 16 for the full-length questionnaire and > or = 10 for the 10-item version. We discuss other potential cutoff values. The CESD-10 showed an expected positive correlation with poorer health status scores (r = .37) and a strong negative correlation with positive affect (r = -.63). Retest correlations for the CESD-10 were comparable to those in other studies (r = .71). We administered the CESD-10 again after 12 months, and scores were stable with strong correlation of r = .59.
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            Association of DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Traumatic Experience Type and History in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.

            Previous research has documented significant variation in the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) depending on the type of traumatic experience (TE) and history of TE exposure, but the relatively small sample sizes in these studies resulted in a number of unresolved basic questions.
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              Family size and support of older adults in urban and rural China: current effects and future implications.

              Change in China's age structure is creating concerns about whether reductions in family size undermine traditional support mechanisms for older adults. Future generations may expect less support as the availability of children declines. In this article, the association between number of children and the receipt of instrumental and financial support is examined for rural and urban populations. Probabilities are modeled as bivariate probits. Coefficients are used to conduct simulations in which support is examined across hypothetical distributions of number of children. The results show that the number of children is an important determinant of support, but future reductions in support may not be as dramatic as anticipated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                7 July 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 1
                : 1766770
                Affiliations
                [0001]CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; , Beijing, China
                [0002]Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; , Beijing, China
                Author notes
                CONTACT Zhengkui Liu liuzk@ 123456psych.ac.cn Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; , 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing100101, China
                Article
                1766770
                10.1080/20008198.2020.1766770
                7472999
                33029310
                8770902e-78fa-48c2-9bda-73ba0aedef76
                © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 55, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                shidu parents,ptsd,depressive symptoms,perceived social support,latent profile analysis,padres shidu,tept,síntomas depresivos,apoyo social,análisis de perfil latente,失独父母,抑郁,领悟社会支持,潜在剖面分析,• three patterns of ptsd and depressive symptoms profiles were found among chinese shidu parents: low (39.4%), moderate (32.8%), and high (27.8%).• within each profile the severity of ptsd and depressive symptoms tightly cohered.• younger age and perceived lower levels of social support were predictors of distinct profiles.• the current study provides valuable information for the development of tailored professional interventions for bereaved parents.

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