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      Estatus férrico, cambios ponderales y composición corporal durante la recuperación de la anemia en un modelo experimental: efecto de la leche fermentada de cabra o vaca Translated title: Iron status, weight changes and body composition during anemia recovery in an experimental model: the effect of fermented goat or cow milk

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la anemia constituye un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y, aunque la dieta sigue siendo el principal determinante del estatus férrico del organismo, la adiposidad y la composición corporal también podrían ser determinantes adicionales del estado del hierro. La dieta juega un papel clave en la composición corporal, además de afectar al balance energético; sin embargo, todavía hay información limitada sobre la influencia de determinados alimentos y nutrientes específicos, como los productos lácteos fermentados. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el estatus férrico, cambios ponderales, ingesta, índice hepatosomático y composición corporal durante la recuperación de la anemia ferropénica con dietas basadas en leche fermentada de cabra o vaca. Material y métodos: sesenta ratas macho Wistar albinas se han distribuido en dos grupos experimentales (control y anémico) y se han alimentado durante 40 días con dieta AIN-93G con contenido de hierro normal (45 mg/kg de dieta) o bajo (5 mg/kg de dieta). Posteriormente, ambos grupos experimentales se alimentaron durante 30 días con dietas basadas en leche fermentada de cabra o vaca. Se han determinado los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos relacionados con el estatus de hierro, así como los cambios ponderales y la ingesta de alimento, la relación hepatosomática y la composición corporal. Resultados: el índice hepatosomático fue mayor en el grupo anémico (p < 0,05). En ambos grupos de animales alimentados con dieta de leche fermentada de cabra, el índice hepatosomático fue mayor (p < 0,001) debido a un menor peso corporal (p < 0,01) y a un mayor peso del hígado (p < 0,001). La ingesta de alimento, la ganancia de peso y la grasa corporal fueron menores en el grupo anémico (p < 0,05, p < 0,001, p < 0,001, respectivamente), mientras que la masa magra, el agua libre y el agua total fueron mayores (masa magra: p < 0,01; agua libre y total: p < 0,001). En ambos grupos de animales alimentados con dieta basada en leche fermentada de cabra, el peso y la grasa corporal fueron menores (p < 0,001), mientras que los porcentajes de masa magra, agua libre y agua total fueron mayores (masa magra: p < 0,01; agua libre y total: p < 0,001). Conclusión: la ferrodeficiencia disminuyó la ganancia de peso, la masa magra y la grasa corporal, indicando menores almacenes de energía. La dieta basada en leche fermentada de cabra recupera más eficientemente el nivel de hierro durante la recuperación de la ferrodeficiencia, disminuye la adiposidad y aumenta el gasto energético.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background: anemia is a public health problem worldwide and although diet is still the main determinant of iron status in the body, recent studies suggest that adiposity and body composition could be additional determinants of iron status. Diet plays a key role in body composition, but in addition to affecting the body’s energy balance, there is still limited information on the influence of specific foods and nutrients, and in this sense dairy products are an important group of foods and an important source of nutrients in the diet. Objective: to provide detailed information on iron status, body changes, food intake, hepatosomatic index, and body composition during recovery from severe iron deficiency anemia with fermented cow or goat milk. Material and methods: sixty male Wistar albino rats were divided into two experimental groups (control and anemic) and fed ad libitum an AIN-93G diet for 40 days, receiving a normal Fe diet (45 mg/kg of diet) or a low-Fe diet (5 mg/kg of diet), respectively. After induction of anemia, both the control and anemic groups were additionally fed for 30 days either a fermented cow milk-based or fermented goat milk-based diet with normal Fe content. Hematological and iron-related biochemical parameters, weight changes, food intake, hepatosomatic index, and body composition were assessed. Results: the hepatosomatic index was higher in the anemic group versus the control group (p < 0.05). In both groups fed a fermented goat milk-based diet the hepatosomatic index was higher (p < 0.001) due to lower body weight (p < 0.01) and a higher liver weight (P < 0.001). Food intake, weight gain, and total body fat were lower (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively), whereas lean mass and free and total water were higher (lean mass: p < 0.01; free and total water: p < 0.001) in the anemic group as compared to the control group. In both animal groups fed a fermented goat milk-based diet body weight and body fat were lower (p < 0.001) and the percentages of lean mass and free water and total water were higher (lean mass: p < 0.01; free and total water: p < 0.001). Conclusion: iron deficiency decreased weight gain, lean mass, and body fat, indicating lower energy stores. Fermented goat milk-based diet recovers more efficiently iron status, decreased adiposity, and increased energy expenditure.

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          Most cited references28

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          Specific dietary and other lifestyle behaviors may affect the success of the straightforward-sounding strategy "eat less and exercise more" for preventing long-term weight gain. We performed prospective investigations involving three separate cohorts that included 120,877 U.S. women and men who were free of chronic diseases and not obese at baseline, with follow-up periods from 1986 to 2006, 1991 to 2003, and 1986 to 2006. The relationships between changes in lifestyle factors and weight change were evaluated at 4-year intervals, with multivariable adjustments made for age, baseline body-mass index for each period, and all lifestyle factors simultaneously. Cohort-specific and sex-specific results were similar and were pooled with the use of an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Within each 4-year period, participants gained an average of 3.35 lb (5th to 95th percentile, -4.1 to 12.4). On the basis of increased daily servings of individual dietary components, 4-year weight change was most strongly associated with the intake of potato chips (1.69 lb), potatoes (1.28 lb), sugar-sweetened beverages (1.00 lb), unprocessed red meats (0.95 lb), and processed meats (0.93 lb) and was inversely associated with the intake of vegetables (-0.22 lb), whole grains (-0.37 lb), fruits (-0.49 lb), nuts (-0.57 lb), and yogurt (-0.82 lb) (P≤0.005 for each comparison). Aggregate dietary changes were associated with substantial differences in weight change (3.93 lb across quintiles of dietary change). Other lifestyle factors were also independently associated with weight change (P 8 hours of sleep), and television watching (0.31 lb per hour per day). Specific dietary and lifestyle factors are independently associated with long-term weight gain, with a substantial aggregate effect and implications for strategies to prevent obesity. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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            Effect of dairy proteins on appetite, energy expenditure, body weight, and composition: a review of the evidence from controlled clinical trials.

            Evidence supports that a high proportion of calories from protein increases weight loss and prevents weight (re)gain. Proteins are known to induce satiety, increase secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, and increase diet-induced thermogenesis, but less is known about whether various types of proteins exert different metabolic effects. In the Western world, dairy protein, which consists of 80% casein and 20% whey, is a large contributor to our daily protein intake. Casein and whey differ in absorption and digestion rates, with casein being a "slow" protein and whey being a "fast" protein. In addition, they differ in amino acid composition. This review examines whether casein, whey, and other protein sources exert different metabolic effects and targets to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Data indicate that whey is more satiating in the short term, whereas casein is more satiating in the long term. In addition, some studies indicate that whey stimulates the secretion of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide more than other proteins. However, for the satiety (cholecystokinin and peptide YY) and hunger-stimulating (ghrelin) hormones, no clear evidence exists that 1 protein source has a greater stimulating effect compared with others. Likewise, no clear evidence exists that 1 protein source results in higher diet-induced thermogenesis and promotes more beneficial changes in body weight and composition compared with other protein sources. However, data indicate that amino acid composition, rate of absorption, and protein/food texture may be important factors for protein-stimulated metabolic effects.
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              The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease.

              To comprehensively review the data on the relationship between the consumption of dairy fat and high-fat dairy foods, obesity, and cardiometabolic disease. We have conducted a systematic literature review of observational studies on the relationship between dairy fat and high-fat dairy foods, obesity, and cardiometabolic disease. We have integrated these findings with data from controlled studies showing effects of several minor dairy fatty acids on adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors, and data on how bovine feeding practices influence the composition of dairy fat. In 11 of 16 studies, high-fat dairy intake was inversely associated with measures of adiposity. Studies examining the relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and metabolic health reported either an inverse or no association. Studies investigating the connection between high-fat dairy intake and diabetes or cardiovascular disease incidence were inconsistent. We discuss factors that may have contributed to the variability between studies, including differences in (1) the potential for residual confounding; (2) the types of high-fat dairy foods consumed; and (3) bovine feeding practices (pasture- vs. grain-based) known to influence the composition of dairy fat. The observational evidence does not support the hypothesis that dairy fat or high-fat dairy foods contribute to obesity or cardiometabolic risk, and suggests that high-fat dairy consumption within typical dietary patterns is inversely associated with obesity risk. Although not conclusive, these findings may provide a rationale for future research into the bioactive properties of dairy fat and the impact of bovine feeding practices on the health effects of dairy fat.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                June 2020
                : 37
                : 3
                : 568-576
                Affiliations
                [1] Granada Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos José Mataix orgdiv2Departamento de Fisiología Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112020000400568 S0212-1611(20)03700300568
                10.20960/nh.02817
                877d21fb-6b00-4480-86e3-e8b20166390c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 July 2019
                : 23 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Body composition,Cambios ponderales,Anemia ferropénica nutricional,Leche fermentada de cabra o vaca,Hepatosomatic index,Nutritional ferropenic anemia,Índice hepatosomático,Composición corporal,Fermented goat or cow milk,Body weight changes

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