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      Importancia del desayuno en la mejora nutricional y sanitaria de la población Translated title: Importance of breakfast in the nutritional and health improvement of the population

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          Abstract

          Resumen El desayuno es una de las comidas que despierta más controversia, considerada en unas ocasiones como la más importante y cuestionada en otras. La primera dificultad al analizar las evidencias que relacionan el hábito del desayuno con la salud es la propia definición de "desayuno de calidad" basada en su contenido energético, en la frecuencia de su consumo y en el tipo de alimentos que lo compone. El desayuno de la población española es mejorable, ya que un elevado porcentaje de la población infantil y adulta española realiza un desayuno insuficiente o incorpora alimentos con un perfil nutricional inadecuado. Los estudios científicos sugieren que desayunar se relaciona con una mayor ingesta de nutrientes a lo largo del día, mejor cobertura de las recomendaciones nutricionales y mejor calidad de la dieta. También se asocia con un mejor control del peso corporal y mejores indicadores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, tanto en niños como en adultos. Desayunar se ha relacionado con mejoras en la atención y en la función cognitiva en todos los grupos de edad, tanto en estudios agudos como crónicos y de intervención, aunque son muy heterogéneos y es necesario investigar más en esta línea.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Breakfast is one of the more controversial meals, considered as the most important of the day on some occasions and questioned in others. The first difficulty in analyzing the evidence of a relationship between breakfast and health is the definition of what a healthy breakfast is, based on its energy content, the frequency of its consumption and the type of food that are included in it. The breakfast of the Spanish population is improvable, since a high percentage of the child and adult Spanish population makes an insufficient breakfast or incorporates food with an inadequate nutritional profile. Scientific studies suggest that making a healthy breakfast is related to a greater intake of nutrients in the total of the day, better coverage of the nutritional recommendations and better quality of the whole diet. It is also associated with better body weight control and healthy cardiometabolic risk indicators, both in children and adults. Breakfast has also been related to improvements in attention and cognitive function in all age groups, both in acute, chronic and intervention studies, although they are very heterogeneous and it is necessary to investigate further in this line.

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          Skipping breakfast and prevalence of overweight and obesity in Asian and Pacific regions: a meta-analysis.

          In Western countries, skipping breakfast is associated with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. This meta-analysis aimed to determine if the same relationship exists in Asian and Pacific regions. A systematic literature search was performed for observational studies using a cross-sectional design that examined the relationship between frequency of eating breakfast and overweight or obesity. Odds ratios (ORs) for overweight or obesity were pooled with a variance-based method. Nineteen studies (93,108 total participants and 19,270 overweight or obese cases) were included. The pooled OR [95% confidence intervals (CI)] of overweight or obesity for the lowest vs. highest category of breakfast frequency was 1.75 [1.57 to 1.95] (P<0.001). Between-study heterogeneity in the association's strength was highly significant (I-squared=36.4%, P<0.001), although a positive OR was shown in all but one included study. However, no study characteristics could be identified to explain the heterogeneity. This meta-analysis suggests that a positive association between skipping breakfast and overweight and obesity is globally observed regardless of cultural diversity among countries. Promoting the eating of breakfast in all populations may be beneficial. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Breakfast in Human Nutrition: The International Breakfast Research Initiative

            Breakfast is often referred to as the most important meal of the day and in recent years has been implicated in weight control, cardio-metabolic risk factors and cognitive performance although, at present, the literature remains inconclusive as to the precise health benefits of breakfast. There are extensive reports of breakfast’s contributions to daily food and nutrient intakes, as well as many studies that have compared daily food and nutrient intakes by breakfast consumers and skippers. However, significant variation exists in the definitions of breakfast and breakfast skippers, and in methods used to relate breakfast nutrient intakes to overall diet quality. The present review describes a novel and harmonised approach to the study of the nutritional impact of breakfast through The International Breakfast research Initiative involving national dietary survey data from Canada, Denmark, France, Spain, the UK and the USA. It is anticipated that the analysis of such data along harmonised lines, will allow the project to achieve its primary goal of exploring approaches to defining optimal breakfast food and nutrient intakes. Such data will be of value to public health nutrition policy-makers and food manufacturers and will also allow consistent messaging to help consumers to optimize food choices at breakfast.
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              Breakfast consumption and nutrient intakes in 4–18-year-olds: UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008–2012)

              Although breakfast consumption is widely considered to be an important component of a healthy lifestyle, few UK studies have examined differences in nutrient intakes between breakfast consumers and breakfast skippers among children and adolescents. We investigated associations between breakfast skipping in 4–18-year-olds and their nutrient intakes using data from the UK’s National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme. Dietary data were derived from 4-d estimated food diaries of 802 children aged 4–10 years and 884 children aged 11–18 years (1686 in total). Daily nutrient intakes of children with different breakfast habits were compared by one-way ANCOVA adjusting for relevant covariates (sex, age, ethnicity, equivalised household income and BMI). Within-person analysis was carried out on children with an irregular breakfast habit ( n 879) comparing nutrient intakes on breakfast days with those on non-breakfast days using repeated measures ANCOVA. We observed that the overall nutritional profile of the children in terms of fibre and micronutrient intake was superior in frequent breakfast consumers (micronutrients: folate, Ca, Fe and I ( P <0·01)) and, for the 4–10 years age group, on breakfast days (micronutrients: folate, vitamin C, Ca and I ( P <0·01)). Also, significantly higher proportions of breakfast-consuming children met their reference nutrient intakes of folate, vitamin C, Ca, Fe and I compared with breakfast skippers ( χ 2 analysis, P <0·001). Our study adds to the body of data linking breakfast consumption with higher quality dietary intake in school-age children, supporting the promotion of breakfast as an important element of a healthy dietary pattern in children.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2018
                : 35
                : spe6
                : 3-6
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia orgdiv2Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos Spain
                [2] Madrid Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid orgdiv1Grupo de Investigación VALORNUT-UCM (920030) Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112018001200002 S0212-1611(18)03500600002
                10.20960/nh.2278
                8791785e-8e31-4474-9885-408ef6ccde9a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 4
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                SciELO Spain

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                Trabajos Originales

                Diet quality,Obesidad,Calidad de la dieta,Obesity,Función cognitiva,Cognitive function,Overweight,Breakfast,Sobrepeso,Desayuno

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