Emergencia y sobrevivencia del zacate rosado en diferentes suelos y patrones de humedad-sequía

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Abstract

Resumen: Las plantas invasoras afectan la función y composición de los ecosistemas nativos. La gramínea zacate rosado [Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka] es una especie invasora introducida que ha ido incrementando su presencia en el estado de Chihuahua, México. Para determinar su posible propagación se evaluó en invernadero, la emergencia y sobrevivencia de M. repens en suelos provenientes de cuatro áreas con diferente tipo de vegetación y patrones de humedad-sequía (bajo, pobre, medio y alto) más comunes durante el verano en Chihuahua. Los tipos de vegetación fueron matorral, pastizal mediano, pastizal halófito con suelo aluvial profundo y bosque con suelo coluvial. Los datos fueron analizados como categóricos y se realizó la comparación de medias mediante una prueba de proporciones en distribuciones normales. La semilla germinó en los suelos provenientes de las cuatro áreas con diferentes tipos de vegetación y patrones de humedad-sequía. La mayor emergencia, 92%, se presentó en el suelo aluvial profundo de pastizal mediano con una secuencia de humedad-sequía de 120 mm que representa una precipitación de 12 días al año (P < 0.0008). Las plantas sobrevivieron de 12 a 24 días sin riego, pero no a los 36 días. El pasto M. repens es capaz de germinar en cualquier suelo proveniente de las cuatro áreas con diferentes tipos de vegetación estudiados y la poca o abundante humedad no representa un impedimento para su emergencia.

Translated abstract

Abstract: Invasive plants affect the function and composition of native ecosystems. Natal grass [Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka] is an introduced invasive plant species that has had increasing presence in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. In order to determine possible propagation, emergence and survival of M. repens were assessed in a greenhouse using soils from four areas with different vegetation types and humidity-drought patterns (low, poor, medium and high) during the summer in Chihuahua. Vegetation types were scrubland, medium grassland, halophytic grassland with deep alluvial soil and forest with colluvial soil. Data were analyzed as categorical data and a proportions test in normal distributions was performed for the comparison of means. Seeds germinated in all soils from four areas with different vegetation types and humidity-drought patterns. However, most emergence, 92%, occurred in deep alluvial soil from medium grassland with a humidity-drought sequence of 120 mm, representing annual precipitation of 12 days (P < 0.0008). Plants survived 12 to 24 days without watering but not 36 days. M. repens grass is able to germinate in any of the soils from the four areas with different vegetation types and its emergence is not prevented by low or abundant humidity.

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Soil biota and exotic plant invasion.

Ragan Callaway, Giles Thelen, Alex Rodriguez … (2004)

Invasive plants are an economic problem and a threat to the conservation of natural systems. Escape from natural enemies might contribute to successful invasion, with most work emphasizing the role of insect herbivores; however, microbial pathogens are attracting increased attention. Soil biota in some invaded ecosystems may promote 'exotic' invasion, and plant-soil feedback processes are also important. Thus, relatively rare species native to North America consistently demonstrate negative feedbacks with soil microbes that promote biological diversity, whereas abundant exotic and native species demonstrate positive feedbacks that reduce biological diversity. Here we report that soil microbes from the home range of the invasive exotic plant Centaurea maculosa L. have stronger inhibitory effects on its growth than soil microbes from where the weed has invaded in North America. Centaurea and soil microbes participate in different plant-soil feedback processes at home compared with outside Centaurea's home range. In native European soils, Centaurea cultivates soil biota with increasingly negative effects on the weed's growth, possibly leading to its control. But in soils from North America, Centaurea cultivates soil biota with increasingly positive effects on itself, which may contribute to the success of this exotic species in North America.