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      Grammatical Class Effects Across Impaired Child and Adult Populations

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          Abstract

          The aims of this study are to compare quantitative and qualitative differences for noun/verb retrieval across language-impaired groups, examine naming errors with reference to psycholinguistic models of word processing, and shed light on the nature of the naming deficit as well as determine relevant group commonalities and differences. This includes an attempt to establish whether error types differentiate language-impaired children from adults, to determine effects of psycholinguistic variables on naming accuracies, and to link the results to genetic mechanisms and/or neural circuitry in the brain. A total of 89 (language-)impaired participants took part in this report: 24 adults with acquired aphasia, 20 adults with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, 31 adults with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, and 14 children with specific language impairment. The results of simultaneous multiple regression analyses for the errors in verb naming compared to the psycholinguistic variables for all language-impaired groups are reported and discussed in relation to models of lexical processing.

          This discussion will lead to considerations of genetic and/or neurobiological underpinnings:

          1. Presence of the noun–verb dissociation in focal and non-focal brain impairment make localization theories redundant, but support for wider neural network involvement.

          2. The patterns reported cannot be reduced to any one level of language processing, suggesting multiple interactions at different levels (e.g., receptive vs. expressive language abilities).

          3. Semantic-conceptual properties constrain syntactic properties with implications for phonological word form retrieval.

          4. Competition needs to be resolved at both conceptual and phonological levels of representation.

          Moreover, this study may provide a cross-pathological baseline that can be probed further with respect to recent suggestions concerning a reconsideration of open- vs. closed-class items, according to which verbs may actually fall into the latter rather than the standardly received former class.

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          Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods

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            The Spatial and Temporal Signatures of Word Production Components: A Critical Update

            In the first decade of neurocognitive word production research the predominant approach was brain mapping, i.e., investigating the regional cerebral brain activation patterns correlated with word production tasks, such as picture naming and word generation. Indefrey and Levelt (2004) conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of word production studies that used this approach and combined the resulting spatial information on neural correlates of component processes of word production with information on the time course of word production provided by behavioral and electromagnetic studies. In recent years, neurocognitive word production research has seen a major change toward a hypothesis-testing approach. This approach is characterized by the design of experimental variables modulating single component processes of word production and testing for predicted effects on spatial or temporal neurocognitive signatures of these components. This change was accompanied by the development of a broader spectrum of measurement and analysis techniques. The article reviews the findings of recent studies using the new approach. The time course assumptions of Indefrey and Levelt (2004) have largely been confirmed requiring only minor adaptations. Adaptations of the brain structure/function relationships proposed by Indefrey and Levelt (2004) include the precise role of subregions of the left inferior frontal gyrus as well as a probable, yet to date unclear role of the inferior parietal cortex in word production.
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              How Many Levels of Processing Are There in Lexical Access?

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                17 November 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 1670
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology Limassol, Cyprus
                [2] 2Department of English Studies, University of Cyprus Nicosia, Cyprus
                [3] 3Cyprus Acquisition Team Nicosia, Cyprus
                Author notes

                Edited by: Wolfram Hinzen, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Spain

                Reviewed by: Roel Jonkers, University of Groningen, Netherlands; Volker Struckmeier, University of Cologne, Germany

                *Correspondence: Kleanthes K. Grohmann kleanthi@ 123456ucy.ac.cy

                This article was submitted to Language Sciences, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01670
                4648069
                87ae98ec-1f36-4e8e-b36c-a6d5a16d1a6d
                Copyright © 2015 Kambanaros and Grohmann.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 14 May 2015
                : 16 October 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 118, Pages: 17, Words: 15447
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                anomia,aphasia,lexical retrieval,multiple sclerosis (ms),noun–verb dissociation,picture naming,schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (scz),specific language impairment (sli)

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