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      Hypoxia promotes production of neural crest cells in the embryonic head

      , , , , ,
      Development
      The Company of Biologists

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          Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease.

          The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial roles in the formation of the body plan and in the differentiation of multiple tissues and organs. EMT also contributes to tissue repair, but it can adversely cause organ fibrosis and promote carcinoma progression through a variety of mechanisms. EMT endows cells with migratory and invasive properties, induces stem cell properties, prevents apoptosis and senescence, and contributes to immunosuppression. Thus, the mesenchymal state is associated with the capacity of cells to migrate to distant organs and maintain stemness, allowing their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types during development and the initiation of metastasis.
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            A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo

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              HIF-1 alpha is required for solid tumor formation and embryonic vascularization.

              The transcriptional response to lowered oxygen levels is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1), a heterodimer consisting of the constitutively expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and the hypoxic response factor HIF-1alpha. To study the role of the transcriptional hypoxic response in vivo we have targeted the murine HIF-1alpha gene. Loss of HIF-1alpha in embryonic stem (ES) cells dramatically retards solid tumor growth; this is correlated with a reduced capacity to release the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during hypoxia. HIF-1alpha null mutant embryos exhibit clear morphological differences by embryonic day (E) 8.0, and by E8.5 there is a complete lack of cephalic vascularization, a reduction in the number of somites, abnormal neural fold formation and a greatly increased degree of hypoxia (measured by the nitroimidazole EF5). These data demonstrate the essential role of HIF-1alpha in controlling both embryonic and tumorigenic responses to variations in microenvironmental oxygenation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Development
                Development
                The Company of Biologists
                0950-1991
                1477-9129
                May 17 2016
                May 15 2016
                May 17 2016
                May 15 2016
                : 143
                : 10
                : 1742-1752
                Article
                10.1242/dev.131912
                27190038
                87ccbb3b-0a8d-45a1-b710-11c3e86c23eb
                © 2016

                http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1

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