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      Situationally influenced tinnitus coping strategies: a mixed methods approach

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="d3230131e178">The primary aim of this study was to identify coping strategies used to manage problematic tinnitus situations. A secondary aim was to determine whether different approaches were related to the level of tinnitus distress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia experienced. </p>

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          Most cited references52

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            Three approaches to qualitative content analysis.

            Content analysis is a widely used qualitative research technique. Rather than being a single method, current applications of content analysis show three distinct approaches: conventional, directed, or summative. All three approaches are used to interpret meaning from the content of text data and, hence, adhere to the naturalistic paradigm. The major differences among the approaches are coding schemes, origins of codes, and threats to trustworthiness. In conventional content analysis, coding categories are derived directly from the text data. With a directed approach, analysis starts with a theory or relevant research findings as guidance for initial codes. A summative content analysis involves counting and comparisons, usually of keywords or content, followed by the interpretation of the underlying context. The authors delineate analytic procedures specific to each approach and techniques addressing trustworthiness with hypothetical examples drawn from the area of end-of-life care.
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              A power primer.

              One possible reason for the continued neglect of statistical power analysis in research in the behavioral sciences is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard material. A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required sample sizes is provided here. Effect-size indexes and conventional values for these are given for operationally defined small, medium, and large effects. The sample sizes necessary for .80 power to detect effects at these levels are tabled for eight standard statistical tests: (a) the difference between independent means, (b) the significance of a product-moment correlation, (c) the difference between independent rs, (d) the sign test, (e) the difference between independent proportions, (f) chi-square tests for goodness of fit and contingency tables, (g) one-way analysis of variance, and (h) the significance of a multiple or multiple partial correlation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
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                Journal
                Disability and Rehabilitation
                Disability and Rehabilitation
                Informa UK Limited
                0963-8288
                1464-5165
                November 20 2018
                August 09 2017
                November 20 2018
                : 40
                : 24
                : 2884-2894
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK;
                [2 ] Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, USA;
                [3 ] Department of Behavioral Science and Learning, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;
                [4 ] Audiology India, Mysore, India;
                [5 ] Department of Speech and Hearing School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India;
                [6 ] Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;
                [7 ] Department of Clinical Neuroscience Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden;
                [8 ] Vision and Eye Research Unit Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK;
                [9 ] National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK;
                [10 ] Otology and Hearing Group Division of Clinical Neuroscience School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
                Article
                10.1080/09638288.2017.1362708
                28793790
                87f0ffe3-146e-4e53-b88d-5762435c557f
                © 2018
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