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      Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects

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          Abstract

          Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-oriented delivery of precise medicines. Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc.) in the treatment of various diseases. The current review, presents an updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicines and nano based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs (e.g., natural products) and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules. The opportunities and challenges of nanomedicines in drug delivery from synthetic/natural sources to their clinical applications are also discussed. In addition, we have included information regarding the trends and perspectives in nanomedicine area.

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          Most cited references259

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          Alginate: properties and biomedical applications.

          Alginate is a biomaterial that has found numerous applications in biomedical science and engineering due to its favorable properties, including biocompatibility and ease of gelation. Alginate hydrogels have been particularly attractive in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications to date, as these gels retain structural similarity to the extracellular matrices in tissues and can be manipulated to play several critical roles. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of general properties of alginate and its hydrogels, their biomedical applications, and suggest new perspectives for future studies with these polymers.
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            Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery.

            Biological barriers to drug transport prevent successful accumulation of nanotherapeutics specifically at diseased sites, limiting efficacious responses in disease processes ranging from cancer to inflammation. Although substantial research efforts have aimed to incorporate multiple functionalities and moieties within the overall nanoparticle design, many of these strategies fail to adequately address these barriers. Obstacles, such as nonspecific distribution and inadequate accumulation of therapeutics, remain formidable challenges to drug developers. A reimagining of conventional nanoparticles is needed to successfully negotiate these impediments to drug delivery. Site-specific delivery of therapeutics will remain a distant reality unless nanocarrier design takes into account the majority, if not all, of the biological barriers that a particle encounters upon intravenous administration. By successively addressing each of these barriers, innovative design features can be rationally incorporated that will create a new generation of nanotherapeutics, realizing a paradigmatic shift in nanoparticle-based drug delivery.
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              Doxil®--the first FDA-approved nano-drug: lessons learned.

              Doxil®, the first FDA-approved nano-drug (1995), is based on three unrelated principles: (i) prolonged drug circulation time and avoidance of the RES due to the use of PEGylated nano-liposomes; (ii) high and stable remote loading of doxorubicin driven by a transmembrane ammonium sulfate gradient, which also allows for drug release at the tumor; and (iii) having the liposome lipid bilayer in a "liquid ordered" phase composed of the high-T(m) (53 °C) phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol. Due to the EPR effect, Doxil is "passively targeted" to tumors and its doxorubicin is released and becomes available to tumor cells by as yet unknown means. This review summarizes historical and scientific perspectives of Doxil development and lessons learned from its development and 20 years of its use. It demonstrates the obligatory need for applying an understanding of the cross talk between physicochemical, nano-technological, and biological principles. However, in spite of the large reward, ~2 years after Doxil-related patents expired, there is still no FDA-approved generic "Doxil" available. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jkpatra.cet@gmail.com
                gdas@dongguk.edu
                leonardo@sorocaba.unesp.br
                estefaniavan@gmail.com
                pilar.rdz.torres@gmail.com
                lacosta.enes@gmail.com
                ditlacio@cio.mx
                renato.grillo@unesp.br
                swamy.bio@gmail.com
                ssnvsharma@gmail.com
                s.habtemariam@herbalanalysis.co.uk
                spartan@dongguk.edu
                Journal
                J Nanobiotechnology
                J Nanobiotechnology
                Journal of Nanobiotechnology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1477-3155
                19 September 2018
                19 September 2018
                2018
                : 16
                : 71
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0671 5021, GRID grid.255168.d, Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, , Dongguk University-Seoul, ; Goyang-si, 10326 Republic of Korea
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2188 478X, GRID grid.410543.7, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, ; Sorocaba, São Paulo Zip Code 18087-180 Brazil
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0723 2494, GRID grid.411087.b, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, , State University of Campinas, ; Campinas, São Paulo Zip code 13083-862 Brazil
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2159 0001, GRID grid.9486.3, Laboratorio de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Área de Nanoestructuras y Biomateriales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Leon, , Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), ; Boulevard UNAM No 2011. Predio El Saucillo y El Potrero, 37684 León, Guanajuato Mexico
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1776 8315, GRID grid.466579.f, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, ; A.P. 1-948, C.P. 37000 León, Guanajuato Mexico
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2188 478X, GRID grid.410543.7, Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Engineering, , São Paulo State University (UNESP), ; Ilha Solteira, SP 15385-000 Brazil
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2231 800X, GRID grid.11142.37, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, , Universiti Putra Malaysia, ; 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2190 9158, GRID grid.419983.e, Department of Biotechnology, , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, ; Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0806 5472, GRID grid.36316.31, Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services UK, , University of Greenwich, ; Medway Campus-Science, Grenville Building (G102/G107), Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0671 5021, GRID grid.255168.d, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, , Dongguk University, ; Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4118-4355
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9107-247X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-9113
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-9916
                Article
                392
                10.1186/s12951-018-0392-8
                6145203
                30231877
                87f979e3-78f0-4409-908a-88cdf5e5d2c4
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 19 July 2018
                : 25 August 2018
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Biotechnology
                nanomedicine,nanomaterials,drug delivery,drug targeting,natural products
                Biotechnology
                nanomedicine, nanomaterials, drug delivery, drug targeting, natural products

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