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      Waterborne Toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from Field to Gene

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          Abstract

          Water was the suspected vehicle of Toxoplasma gondii dissemination in a toxoplasmosis outbreak in Brazil. A case-control study and geographic mapping of cases were performed. T. gondii was isolated directly from the implicated water and genotyped as SAG 2 type I.

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          Highly Endemic, Waterborne Toxoplasmosis in North Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

          Lilian Maria Garcia Bahia-Oliveira, Jeffrey L. Jones, Juliana Azevedo-Silva … (2003)
          In Campos dos Goytacazes, northern Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, reports of uveitis consistent with toxoplasmosis led to a survey of the prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in 1997–1999. The survey population was selected randomly from schools, randomly chosen communities, and an army battalion. Serum samples from 1,436 persons were tested. With results adjusted for age, 84% of the population in the lower socioeconomic group was seropositive, compared with 62% and 23% of the middle and upper socioeconomic groups, respectively (p<0.001). When multivariate analysis was performed, drinking unfiltered water was found to increase the risk of seropositivity for the lower socioeconomic (odds ratio [OR]: 3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 6.9) and middle socioeconomic (OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3) populations. We also found a high T. gondii seroprevalence in this Brazilian community. Drinking unfiltered water increased the risk of T. gondii seropositivity, indicating the potential importance of oocyst transmission in water in this region.
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            Refinement of pepsin digestion method for isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from infected tissues.

            J.P. Dubey (1998)
            Modification of the acid pepsin digestion procedure to isolate Toxoplasma gondii from animal muscular tissues is described. Muscles were incubated for 60 min instead of 90 min and acid was neutralized with 1.2% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate instead by repeated washings and centrifugations.
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              Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma Investigation Team.

              Rhonda C. Bell, D. H. Werker, L Renton … (1997)
              Outbreaks of toxoplasmosis are recognised infrequently. In March, 1995, a sudden increase of serologically diagnosed cases of acute toxoplasmosis was noted in the Greater Victoria area of British Columbia, Canada. Concurrently, but independently, seven cases of acute toxoplasma retinitis were diagnosed against a background of no cases in the previous 5 years. Cases were defined by serological testing, clinical presentation, and residence in Greater Victoria. A screening programme for women who were or had been pregnant was started. Geographical mapping of cases, and case-control studies of symptomatic cases and of women enrolled in the screening programme were done. 100 individuals aged 6 to 83 years met the definition for an acute, outbreak-related case. 94 resided in Greater Victoria and six had visited it; 19 had retinitis, 51 had lymphadenopathy, four others had symptoms consistent with toxoplasmosis, seven had other symptoms, 18 were symptom-free, and one would not provide information. 36 (0.9%) of 3812 screened pregnant and postnatal women were cases. Excess cases were not detected outside Greater Victoria and no conventional source of toxoplasmosis was implicated. Mapping studies of cases and of the screened women, and both case-control studies showed significant associations between acute infection and residence in the distribution system of one reservoir supplying water to Greater Victoria (ORs or RRs: 3.53, 3.05, 8.27, and 5.42, respectively). The epidemic curve appeared bimodal, with peaks in December, 1994, and March, 1995, that were preceded by increased rainfall and turbidity in the implicated reservoir. A municipal water system that uses unfiltered, chloraminated surface water was the likely source of this large community-wide outbreak of toxoplasmosis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): February 2006
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 326-329
                Affiliations
                [* ]Ministério de Saúde, Brasília, Brasil;
                [† ]Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
                [‡ ]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
                [§ ]Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil;
                []Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Curitiba, Brazil;
                [# ]United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland;
                [** ]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Lilian Maria Garcia Bahia Oliveira, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologias, Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer. Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 28013-600; fax: 55-22-2726-1521; email: lilian@ 123456uenf.br
                Article
                Publisher ID: 04-1115
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1202.041115
                PMC ID: 3373086
                PubMed ID: 16494765
                SO-VID: 8810628b-ca7d-4d95-b724-0cf6c198d0d2
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Dispatch

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: toxoplasma gondii,outbreak,water,dispatch
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: toxoplasma gondii, outbreak, water, dispatch

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